Using listings linerange in tcolorbox breaks formatting

You have not specified a style for the listing options.

"This removes all options for the listings package. This includes the tcblisting standard style tcblatex and the encoding presets. Use this option, if you want to set the listings options outside of tcblisting, e.g. globally in the preamble."

as written on page 314 of the tcolorbox manual. So if you add style=tcblatex it works as you would expect it.

MWE based on your code

documentclass{article}

begin{filecontents*}[overwrite]{test.txt}
line 1
line 2
line 3
end{filecontents*}

usepackage{listings}
usepackage[listings, xparse]{tcolorbox}
tcbset{listing only, sharp corners, top=0pc, bottom=0pc, left=0pc, right=0pc}

%lstset{basicstyle=smallttfamily} % Partially fixes the font difference?
tcbset{listingsstyle/.style={listing engine=listings}}
NewTCBListing{cmd}{ O{} }{listingsstyle, #1}
NewTCBInputListing{cmdinput}{ m O{} }{listing file={#1}, listingsstyle, #2}

begin{document}

begin{cmd}[title={Cmd environment}]sample textend{cmd}
cmdinput{test.txt}[title={Cmd input command (full)}]
cmdinput{test.txt}[title={Cmd input command (partial)},listing options={style=tcblatex, linerange={2-3}}]

end{document}