Unable to compile bibliography in Ubuntu-TexStudio

sudo apt-get install texlive only pulls in a subset of the packages available in TeX live. If you want to use biblatex and Biber you need to install additional packages.

1. Run sudo apt-get install texlive-bibtex-extra to install biblatex.
2. Run sudo apt-get install biber to install Biber.
3. Configure TeXstudio (or any other editor you might use) to run Biber instead of BibTeX, see Biblatex with Biber: Configuring my editor to avoid undefined citations.
4. Compile your document with LaTeX, Biber, LaTeX, LaTeX (where "LaTeX" can be your preferred flavour of LaTeX: pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, XeLaTeX, ...), see Question mark or bold citation key instead of citation number for more explanations.

If you want to be able to use all of TeX live without having to worry about installing missing packages you can install texlive-full to pull in everything TeX live has to offer. Naturally that takes up quite a bit of space, which may or may not be an issue for you.

Note that the TeX live versions in the Ubuntu repositories are essentially frozen forever. This means that you will not get updates to any packages. Furthermore, the Ubuntu and TeX live release cycle usually line up in a way that causes Ubuntu x.04 to have TeX live 2000+(x-1). This is not always an issue, but especially towards the end of an LTS release, the TeX live packages can be quite seriously outdated.

If you want to live at the edge of current development, you can install a 'vanilla' TeX live from TUG.org, see How to install "vanilla" TeXLive on Debian or Ubuntu?.