Table is not appearing

Assuming you load the colortbl package, which defines a macro called cellcolor, you must provide an argument that's a recognized color, say, yellow to each of the 11 cellcolor directives .

I can see no good reason for inflating the table size by wrapping the tabular material in a resisebox directive. Similarly, I can see no reason for rendering the table's caption using small.

Your tabular environment contains lots and lots of vertical and horizontal rules, creating the oppressive appearance of having to peer through a prison cell window at the poor numbers. Chances that your readers will actually want to look at such a forbidding table are vanishingly small. Do give them a friendly invitation to gaze for a while at the table by getting rid of all vertical rules and almost all horizontal rules.

Finally, I'd use the machinery of the siunitx package -- specifically, its S column type, to align the numbers in three columns on their respective decimal markers.

documentclass[twocolumn]{article} % or some other suitable document class
usepackage[spanish]{babel}
usepackage{amsmath,multirow,array,booktabs}
usepackage[table]{xcolor} % for "cellcolor" macro
usepackage{siunitx} % for 'S' column type
sisetup{output-decimal-marker={,}}
newcolumntype{T}[1]{S[table-format=#1]}

begin{document}
begin{table*}[t]
caption{Resumen de las temperaturas de las paredes y los parámetros 
         en la correlación $Nu=Ccdot Ra^{n}$ para casos estudiados}

smallskip
centering
begin{tabular}{ cccc T{3.0} cccccc T{-1.4} T{2.4} }
hline
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{AR} & 
textbf{Caso} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{T$_h$} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{T$_c$} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{T$_t$} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{T$_b$} & 
cellcolor{yellow}$boldsymbol{theta}_C^{mathstrut}$ & 
cellcolor{yellow}$boldsymbol{theta}_H$ & 
cellcolor{yellow}$boldsymbol{theta}_T$ & 
cellcolor{yellow}$boldsymbol{theta}_B$ & 
textbf{Gr} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{n} & 
cellcolor{yellow}textbf{C}
 hline
multirow{7}{*}{textbf{0.5}} 
 & 1 & 81 & 15 & 39 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,35 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,2939 & 0,1692  %cline{2-13} 
 & 2 & 81 & 15 & 50 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,52 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,2993 & 0,1628  %cline{2-13} 
 & 3 & 81 & 15 & 70 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,83 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3238 & 0,1321  %cline{2-13} 
 & 4 & 81 & 15 & 81 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,00 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3531 & 0,102  %cline{2-13} 
 & 5 & 81 & 15 & 90 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,14 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3923 & 0,0723  %cline{2-13} 
 & 6 & 81 & 15 & 108 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,42 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & -0,0951 & 25,7397  %cline{2-13} 
 & 7 & 81 & 15 & 120 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,60 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,2438 & 0,4845  
midrule
multirow{7}{*}{textbf{1.0}}
 & 1 & 81 & 15 & 39 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,35 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3046 & 0,1539  %cline{2-13} 
 & 2 & 81 & 15 & 50 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,52 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3104 & 0,1474  %cline{2-13} 
 & 3 & 81 & 15 & 70 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,83 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3329 & 0,1207  %cline{2-13} 
 & 4 & 81 & 15 & 81 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,00 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3587 & 0,0954  %cline{2-13} 
 & 5 & 81 & 15 & 90 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,14 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3893 & 0,0725  %cline{2-13} 
 & 6 & 81 & 15 & 108 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,42 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,4355 & 0,0583  %cline{2-13} 
 & 7 & 81 & 15 & 120 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,60 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,6446 & 0,0034  
midrule
multirow{7}{*}{textbf{2.0}}
 & 1 & 81 & 15 & 39 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,35 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3227 & 0,1239  %cline{2-13} 
 & 2 & 81 & 15 & 50 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,52 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3284 & 0,1183  %cline{2-13} 
 & 3 & 81 & 15 & 70 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 0,83 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3386 & 0,1081  %cline{2-13} 
 & 4 & 81 & 15 & 81 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,00 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3477 & 0,0997  %cline{2-13} 
 & 5 & 81 & 15 & 90 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,14 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3571 & 0,0917  %cline{2-13} 
 & 6 & 81 & 15 & 108 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,42 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3782 & 0,0761  %cline{2-13} 
 & 7 & 81 & 15 & 120 & 15 & 0 & 1 & 1,60 & 0 & 1,82E+08 & 0,3983 & 0,0638  
bottomrule
end{tabular}
end{table*}
end{document}