more customized subfloat layout with spanned columns or rows

One possibility is to use tabular to better control the content of rows and columns. (First example). It requires adjusting the position of the first row to align the top of the figures.

The second option is to use the nicematrix package and use the command Block to define a cell block (2 rows, 1 column here) and center the content without the need for additional settings.

There is also the option of minipages as suggested by leandriis.

All of them are easily generalizable.

documentclass{article}

usepackage{caption}
usepackage{nicematrix}
%% The example images are provided by the graphicx package, which is loaded by nicematrix
%usepackage{graphicx}
  
begin{document}
    
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{ccc}
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-a}    &
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth ]{example-image-a}   &[-0.31linewidth] %adjust to level the tops
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-b}    &
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-b}    &
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.61linewidth]{example-image-c} 
end{tabular}
caption[layout]{layout with tabular}%
label{fig:layout1}%
end{table}

vspace{50pt}

begin{table}
begin{NiceTabular}{ccc}
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-a}    &
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth ]{example-image-a}   & 
Block{2-1}{includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.61linewidth]{example-image-c}}  
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-b}    &
    includegraphics[width=0.3textwidth, height=0.3linewidth]{example-image-b}    & 
end{NiceTabular}
caption[layout]{layout with nicematrix}%
label{fig:layout2}%
end{table}

end{document}