lua(la)tex vs pdf(la)tex speed in texlive 2019

I believe the question "which is slower" depends on more than just the preamble. As you noted, it may make sense to postpone speed penalties until they are actually used.

This answer is just a partial answer within my scope and interest, so you may need further input regarding the "factor 6 speed penalty" for your example preamble.

In the following example, luatex is three times faster. It is the answer of @percusse posted at pgfplots: Color a 3D surf plot based on y-value (the only modification is that I added a missing round brace in the math expression):

documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone}
usepackage{pgfplots}

pgfplotsset{compat=1.12,
  colormap/viridis/.style={
    colormap={viridis}{
      rgb=(0.26700401,  0.00487433,  0.32941519)
      rgb=(0.26851048,  0.00960483,  0.33542652)
      rgb=(0.26994384,  0.01462494,  0.34137895)
      rgb=(0.27130489,  0.01994186,  0.34726862)
      rgb=(0.27259384,  0.02556309,  0.35309303)
      rgb=(0.27380934,  0.03149748,  0.35885256)
      rgb=(0.27495242,  0.03775181,  0.36454323)
      rgb=(0.27602238,  0.04416723,  0.37016418)
      rgb=(0.2770184 ,  0.05034437,  0.37571452)
      rgb=(0.27794143,  0.05632444,  0.38119074)
      rgb=(0.27879067,  0.06214536,  0.38659204)
      rgb=(0.2795655 ,  0.06783587,  0.39191723)
      rgb=(0.28026658,  0.07341724,  0.39716349)
      rgb=(0.28089358,  0.07890703,  0.40232944)
      rgb=(0.28144581,  0.0843197 ,  0.40741404)
      rgb=(0.28192358,  0.08966622,  0.41241521)
      rgb=(0.28232739,  0.09495545,  0.41733086)
      rgb=(0.28265633,  0.10019576,  0.42216032)
      rgb=(0.28291049,  0.10539345,  0.42690202)
      rgb=(0.28309095,  0.11055307,  0.43155375)
      rgb=(0.28319704,  0.11567966,  0.43611482)
      rgb=(0.28322882,  0.12077701,  0.44058404)
      rgb=(0.28318684,  0.12584799,  0.44496   )
      rgb=(0.283072  ,  0.13089477,  0.44924127)
      rgb=(0.28288389,  0.13592005,  0.45342734)
      rgb=(0.28262297,  0.14092556,  0.45751726)
      rgb=(0.28229037,  0.14591233,  0.46150995)
      rgb=(0.28188676,  0.15088147,  0.46540474)
      rgb=(0.28141228,  0.15583425,  0.46920128)
      rgb=(0.28086773,  0.16077132,  0.47289909)
      rgb=(0.28025468,  0.16569272,  0.47649762)
      rgb=(0.27957399,  0.17059884,  0.47999675)
      rgb=(0.27882618,  0.1754902 ,  0.48339654)
      rgb=(0.27801236,  0.18036684,  0.48669702)
      rgb=(0.27713437,  0.18522836,  0.48989831)
      rgb=(0.27619376,  0.19007447,  0.49300074)
      rgb=(0.27519116,  0.1949054 ,  0.49600488)
      rgb=(0.27412802,  0.19972086,  0.49891131)
      rgb=(0.27300596,  0.20452049,  0.50172076)
      rgb=(0.27182812,  0.20930306,  0.50443413)
      rgb=(0.27059473,  0.21406899,  0.50705243)
      rgb=(0.26930756,  0.21881782,  0.50957678)
      rgb=(0.26796846,  0.22354911,  0.5120084 )
      rgb=(0.26657984,  0.2282621 ,  0.5143487 )
      rgb=(0.2651445 ,  0.23295593,  0.5165993 )
      rgb=(0.2636632 ,  0.23763078,  0.51876163)
      rgb=(0.26213801,  0.24228619,  0.52083736)
      rgb=(0.26057103,  0.2469217 ,  0.52282822)
      rgb=(0.25896451,  0.25153685,  0.52473609)
      rgb=(0.25732244,  0.2561304 ,  0.52656332)
      rgb=(0.25564519,  0.26070284,  0.52831152)
      rgb=(0.25393498,  0.26525384,  0.52998273)
      rgb=(0.25219404,  0.26978306,  0.53157905)
      rgb=(0.25042462,  0.27429024,  0.53310261)
      rgb=(0.24862899,  0.27877509,  0.53455561)
      rgb=(0.2468114 ,  0.28323662,  0.53594093)
      rgb=(0.24497208,  0.28767547,  0.53726018)
      rgb=(0.24311324,  0.29209154,  0.53851561)
      rgb=(0.24123708,  0.29648471,  0.53970946)
      rgb=(0.23934575,  0.30085494,  0.54084398)
      rgb=(0.23744138,  0.30520222,  0.5419214 )
      rgb=(0.23552606,  0.30952657,  0.54294396)
      rgb=(0.23360277,  0.31382773,  0.54391424)
      rgb=(0.2316735 ,  0.3181058 ,  0.54483444)
      rgb=(0.22973926,  0.32236127,  0.54570633)
      rgb=(0.22780192,  0.32659432,  0.546532  )
      rgb=(0.2258633 ,  0.33080515,  0.54731353)
      rgb=(0.22392515,  0.334994  ,  0.54805291)
      rgb=(0.22198915,  0.33916114,  0.54875211)
      rgb=(0.22005691,  0.34330688,  0.54941304)
      rgb=(0.21812995,  0.34743154,  0.55003755)
      rgb=(0.21620971,  0.35153548,  0.55062743)
      rgb=(0.21429757,  0.35561907,  0.5511844 )
      rgb=(0.21239477,  0.35968273,  0.55171011)
      rgb=(0.2105031 ,  0.36372671,  0.55220646)
      rgb=(0.20862342,  0.36775151,  0.55267486)
      rgb=(0.20675628,  0.37175775,  0.55311653)
      rgb=(0.20490257,  0.37574589,  0.55353282)
      rgb=(0.20306309,  0.37971644,  0.55392505)
      rgb=(0.20123854,  0.38366989,  0.55429441)
      rgb=(0.1994295 ,  0.38760678,  0.55464205)
      rgb=(0.1976365 ,  0.39152762,  0.55496905)
      rgb=(0.19585993,  0.39543297,  0.55527637)
      rgb=(0.19410009,  0.39932336,  0.55556494)
      rgb=(0.19235719,  0.40319934,  0.55583559)
      rgb=(0.19063135,  0.40706148,  0.55608907)
      rgb=(0.18892259,  0.41091033,  0.55632606)
      rgb=(0.18723083,  0.41474645,  0.55654717)
      rgb=(0.18555593,  0.4185704 ,  0.55675292)
      rgb=(0.18389763,  0.42238275,  0.55694377)
      rgb=(0.18225561,  0.42618405,  0.5571201 )
      rgb=(0.18062949,  0.42997486,  0.55728221)
      rgb=(0.17901879,  0.43375572,  0.55743035)
      rgb=(0.17742298,  0.4375272 ,  0.55756466)
      rgb=(0.17584148,  0.44128981,  0.55768526)
      rgb=(0.17427363,  0.4450441 ,  0.55779216)
      rgb=(0.17271876,  0.4487906 ,  0.55788532)
      rgb=(0.17117615,  0.4525298 ,  0.55796464)
      rgb=(0.16964573,  0.45626209,  0.55803034)
      rgb=(0.16812641,  0.45998802,  0.55808199)
      rgb=(0.1666171 ,  0.46370813,  0.55811913)
      rgb=(0.16511703,  0.4674229 ,  0.55814141)
      rgb=(0.16362543,  0.47113278,  0.55814842)
      rgb=(0.16214155,  0.47483821,  0.55813967)
      rgb=(0.16066467,  0.47853961,  0.55811466)
      rgb=(0.15919413,  0.4822374 ,  0.5580728 )
      rgb=(0.15772933,  0.48593197,  0.55801347)
      rgb=(0.15626973,  0.4896237 ,  0.557936  )
      rgb=(0.15481488,  0.49331293,  0.55783967)
      rgb=(0.15336445,  0.49700003,  0.55772371)
      rgb=(0.1519182 ,  0.50068529,  0.55758733)
      rgb=(0.15047605,  0.50436904,  0.55742968)
      rgb=(0.14903918,  0.50805136,  0.5572505 )
      rgb=(0.14760731,  0.51173263,  0.55704861)
      rgb=(0.14618026,  0.51541316,  0.55682271)
      rgb=(0.14475863,  0.51909319,  0.55657181)
      rgb=(0.14334327,  0.52277292,  0.55629491)
      rgb=(0.14193527,  0.52645254,  0.55599097)
      rgb=(0.14053599,  0.53013219,  0.55565893)
      rgb=(0.13914708,  0.53381201,  0.55529773)
      rgb=(0.13777048,  0.53749213,  0.55490625)
      rgb=(0.1364085 ,  0.54117264,  0.55448339)
      rgb=(0.13506561,  0.54485335,  0.55402906)
      rgb=(0.13374299,  0.54853458,  0.55354108)
      rgb=(0.13244401,  0.55221637,  0.55301828)
      rgb=(0.13117249,  0.55589872,  0.55245948)
      rgb=(0.1299327 ,  0.55958162,  0.55186354)
      rgb=(0.12872938,  0.56326503,  0.55122927)
      rgb=(0.12756771,  0.56694891,  0.55055551)
      rgb=(0.12645338,  0.57063316,  0.5498411 )
      rgb=(0.12539383,  0.57431754,  0.54908564)
      rgb=(0.12439474,  0.57800205,  0.5482874 )
      rgb=(0.12346281,  0.58168661,  0.54744498)
      rgb=(0.12260562,  0.58537105,  0.54655722)
      rgb=(0.12183122,  0.58905521,  0.54562298)
      rgb=(0.12114807,  0.59273889,  0.54464114)
      rgb=(0.12056501,  0.59642187,  0.54361058)
      rgb=(0.12009154,  0.60010387,  0.54253043)
      rgb=(0.11973756,  0.60378459,  0.54139999)
      rgb=(0.11951163,  0.60746388,  0.54021751)
      rgb=(0.11942341,  0.61114146,  0.53898192)
      rgb=(0.11948255,  0.61481702,  0.53769219)
      rgb=(0.11969858,  0.61849025,  0.53634733)
      rgb=(0.12008079,  0.62216081,  0.53494633)
      rgb=(0.12063824,  0.62582833,  0.53348834)
      rgb=(0.12137972,  0.62949242,  0.53197275)
      rgb=(0.12231244,  0.63315277,  0.53039808)
      rgb=(0.12344358,  0.63680899,  0.52876343)
      rgb=(0.12477953,  0.64046069,  0.52706792)
      rgb=(0.12632581,  0.64410744,  0.52531069)
      rgb=(0.12808703,  0.64774881,  0.52349092)
      rgb=(0.13006688,  0.65138436,  0.52160791)
      rgb=(0.13226797,  0.65501363,  0.51966086)
      rgb=(0.13469183,  0.65863619,  0.5176488 )
      rgb=(0.13733921,  0.66225157,  0.51557101)
      rgb=(0.14020991,  0.66585927,  0.5134268 )
      rgb=(0.14330291,  0.66945881,  0.51121549)
      rgb=(0.1466164 ,  0.67304968,  0.50893644)
      rgb=(0.15014782,  0.67663139,  0.5065889 )
      rgb=(0.15389405,  0.68020343,  0.50417217)
      rgb=(0.15785146,  0.68376525,  0.50168574)
      rgb=(0.16201598,  0.68731632,  0.49912906)
      rgb=(0.1663832 ,  0.69085611,  0.49650163)
      rgb=(0.1709484 ,  0.69438405,  0.49380294)
      rgb=(0.17570671,  0.6978996 ,  0.49103252)
      rgb=(0.18065314,  0.70140222,  0.48818938)
      rgb=(0.18578266,  0.70489133,  0.48527326)
      rgb=(0.19109018,  0.70836635,  0.48228395)
      rgb=(0.19657063,  0.71182668,  0.47922108)
      rgb=(0.20221902,  0.71527175,  0.47608431)
      rgb=(0.20803045,  0.71870095,  0.4728733 )
      rgb=(0.21400015,  0.72211371,  0.46958774)
      rgb=(0.22012381,  0.72550945,  0.46622638)
      rgb=(0.2263969 ,  0.72888753,  0.46278934)
      rgb=(0.23281498,  0.73224735,  0.45927675)
      rgb=(0.2393739 ,  0.73558828,  0.45568838)
      rgb=(0.24606968,  0.73890972,  0.45202405)
      rgb=(0.25289851,  0.74221104,  0.44828355)
      rgb=(0.25985676,  0.74549162,  0.44446673)
      rgb=(0.26694127,  0.74875084,  0.44057284)
      rgb=(0.27414922,  0.75198807,  0.4366009 )
      rgb=(0.28147681,  0.75520266,  0.43255207)
      rgb=(0.28892102,  0.75839399,  0.42842626)
      rgb=(0.29647899,  0.76156142,  0.42422341)
      rgb=(0.30414796,  0.76470433,  0.41994346)
      rgb=(0.31192534,  0.76782207,  0.41558638)
      rgb=(0.3198086 ,  0.77091403,  0.41115215)
      rgb=(0.3277958 ,  0.77397953,  0.40664011)
      rgb=(0.33588539,  0.7770179 ,  0.40204917)
      rgb=(0.34407411,  0.78002855,  0.39738103)
      rgb=(0.35235985,  0.78301086,  0.39263579)
      rgb=(0.36074053,  0.78596419,  0.38781353)
      rgb=(0.3692142 ,  0.78888793,  0.38291438)
      rgb=(0.37777892,  0.79178146,  0.3779385 )
      rgb=(0.38643282,  0.79464415,  0.37288606)
      rgb=(0.39517408,  0.79747541,  0.36775726)
      rgb=(0.40400101,  0.80027461,  0.36255223)
      rgb=(0.4129135 ,  0.80304099,  0.35726893)
      rgb=(0.42190813,  0.80577412,  0.35191009)
      rgb=(0.43098317,  0.80847343,  0.34647607)
      rgb=(0.44013691,  0.81113836,  0.3409673 )
      rgb=(0.44936763,  0.81376835,  0.33538426)
      rgb=(0.45867362,  0.81636288,  0.32972749)
      rgb=(0.46805314,  0.81892143,  0.32399761)
      rgb=(0.47750446,  0.82144351,  0.31819529)
      rgb=(0.4870258 ,  0.82392862,  0.31232133)
      rgb=(0.49661536,  0.82637633,  0.30637661)
      rgb=(0.5062713 ,  0.82878621,  0.30036211)
      rgb=(0.51599182,  0.83115784,  0.29427888)
      rgb=(0.52577622,  0.83349064,  0.2881265 )
      rgb=(0.5356211 ,  0.83578452,  0.28190832)
      rgb=(0.5455244 ,  0.83803918,  0.27562602)
      rgb=(0.55548397,  0.84025437,  0.26928147)
      rgb=(0.5654976 ,  0.8424299 ,  0.26287683)
      rgb=(0.57556297,  0.84456561,  0.25641457)
      rgb=(0.58567772,  0.84666139,  0.24989748)
      rgb=(0.59583934,  0.84871722,  0.24332878)
      rgb=(0.60604528,  0.8507331 ,  0.23671214)
      rgb=(0.61629283,  0.85270912,  0.23005179)
      rgb=(0.62657923,  0.85464543,  0.22335258)
      rgb=(0.63690157,  0.85654226,  0.21662012)
      rgb=(0.64725685,  0.85839991,  0.20986086)
      rgb=(0.65764197,  0.86021878,  0.20308229)
      rgb=(0.66805369,  0.86199932,  0.19629307)
      rgb=(0.67848868,  0.86374211,  0.18950326)
      rgb=(0.68894351,  0.86544779,  0.18272455)
      rgb=(0.69941463,  0.86711711,  0.17597055)
      rgb=(0.70989842,  0.86875092,  0.16925712)
      rgb=(0.72039115,  0.87035015,  0.16260273)
      rgb=(0.73088902,  0.87191584,  0.15602894)
      rgb=(0.74138803,  0.87344918,  0.14956101)
      rgb=(0.75188414,  0.87495143,  0.14322828)
      rgb=(0.76237342,  0.87642392,  0.13706449)
      rgb=(0.77285183,  0.87786808,  0.13110864)
      rgb=(0.78331535,  0.87928545,  0.12540538)
      rgb=(0.79375994,  0.88067763,  0.12000532)
      rgb=(0.80418159,  0.88204632,  0.11496505)
      rgb=(0.81457634,  0.88339329,  0.11034678)
      rgb=(0.82494028,  0.88472036,  0.10621724)
      rgb=(0.83526959,  0.88602943,  0.1026459 )
      rgb=(0.84556056,  0.88732243,  0.09970219)
      rgb=(0.8558096 ,  0.88860134,  0.09745186)
      rgb=(0.86601325,  0.88986815,  0.09595277)
      rgb=(0.87616824,  0.89112487,  0.09525046)
      rgb=(0.88627146,  0.89237353,  0.09537439)
      rgb=(0.89632002,  0.89361614,  0.09633538)
      rgb=(0.90631121,  0.89485467,  0.09812496)
      rgb=(0.91624212,  0.89609127,  0.1007168 )
      rgb=(0.92610579,  0.89732977,  0.10407067)
      rgb=(0.93590444,  0.8985704 ,  0.10813094)
      rgb=(0.94563626,  0.899815  ,  0.11283773)
      rgb=(0.95529972,  0.90106534,  0.11812832)
      rgb=(0.96489353,  0.90232311,  0.12394051)
      rgb=(0.97441665,  0.90358991,  0.13021494)
      rgb=(0.98386829,  0.90486726,  0.13689671)
      rgb=(0.99324789,  0.90615657,  0.1439362 )
    }
  }
}
begin{document}
begin{tikzpicture}
begin{axis}[domain=0:pi,samples=81,samples y=81,colormap/viridis,view={20}{55},hide axis]
addplot3 [surf, point meta=y] {exp(-0.5*x*y)*4*cos(deg(5*x)) * sin(deg(12*y)) + 10*cos(deg(0.5*x*y))};
end{axis}
end{tikzpicture}
end{document}

The outcome is the same for both pdftex and luatex, but (on my ancient system), pdftex requires 65 seconds to compile the picture whereas luatex requires 21 seconds (a factor of 3).

More optimizations of that sort are likely to follow. If some parts of the PGF backend engine where ported to luatex, the example's runtime would be considerably faster - the remaining part of the luatex runtime is due to plain old TeX code which takes its time.

So, my partial answer is "If you make use of pgfplots, lualatex can provide much more speed in texlive 2015".

---

Some details for those who want to benefit from the improvements: the example benefits from lua because compat=1.12 (or newer) enables a special lua backend; a partial reimplementation of many expensive sub-operations in lua.

The lua backend is a partial implementation. If it is unavailable for some input option, the file's .log file will always indicate that it fell back to the TeX implementation (and why).

---

Something else occurs to me: there are packages which are plain unavailable for pdftex: I am thinking of the excellent graph drawing library of PGF. This is not quite related to the question (which is more about speed), but still: luatex has left its "message" when it comes to advantages for end users.

In my case, the speed difference was entirely attributable to the microtype package.

documentclass{article}
usepackage{lipsum}
usepackage{charter}
usepackage{microtype}
begin{document}
  lipsum
end{document}

shows a factor 3 speed difference. some other features of my document (probably tabulars) managed to worsen this by a further factor 2 for a total slowdown of factor 6.

thanks, daleif.

For comparison, in ConTeXt the penalty is similar.

Test file (13 pages)

starttext
dorecurse{50}{input knuth par}
stoptext

System details

Macbook Pro with ConTeXt standalone.

LuaTeX

time context --noconsole --runs=1 test.tex
0.96s user 0.08s system 97% cpu 1.069 total

LuaTeXJIT

context --jit --noconsole --runs=1 test.tex
1.09s user 0.10s system 93% cpu 1.281 total

Pdftex

time texexec --noconsole --runs=1 test
0.40s user 0.13s system 83% cpu 0.640 total

Stress testing

If I change the number of copies to 5000, i.e.,

starttext
dorecurse{5000}{input knuth par}
stoptext

gives 1250 pages and the timings are:

pdftex: 5.30s user 0.19s system 99% cpu 5.530 total
luatex: 26.75s user 0.60s system 99% cpu 27.518 total
luatexjit: 17.95s user 0.35s system 99% cpu 18.370 total

Note that this is not an apples to apples comparison because ConTeXt MkII (pdftex) uses Type 1 Latin Modern as default font and ConTeXt MkIV (luatex) uses OpenType Latin Modern.

Summary of processing time

• pdftex: 4.5ms/page
• luatex: 20ms/page (a factor of 5 slowdown)
• luatexjit: 14.5 ms/page (a factor of 3 slowdown)

Note that, for small files, the startup time dominates the runtime.

The LaTeX file generated by this program runs in 4.3 seconds in pdflatex and 13.1 seconds in lualatex.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>

int main()
 {
  FILE *fl=fopen("try.tex","w");
  long x,y;

  fprintf(fl,"documentclass{amsart}nusepackage{mathpazo}nusepackage{bm}nusepackage{lipsum}nnewcommand{bld}[1]{boldsymbol{#1}}nbegin{document}n");
  for(x=0; x<10000; x++)
   {
    fprintf(fl,"lipsum[%ld]n",x % 150);
    fprintf(fl,"begin{gather}n");
    fprintf(fl,"bld y = ");
    fprintf(fl,"sqrt{log z}n");
    fprintf(fl,"end{gather}n");
   }
  fprintf(fl,"end{document}n");
  fclose(fl);
 }

which produces

documentclass{article}
usepackage{lipsum}
newcommand{bld}[1]{#1}
begin{document}
lipsum[0]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[1]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[2]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[3]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[4]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[5]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[6]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[7]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[8]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[9]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
lipsum[10]
begin{equation}
bld y = sqrt{log z}
end{equation}
%(many repetitions)
end{document}

I just ran my textbook (700 pages, think everything under the sun; memoir class) on both pdflatex (3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 TL 2016) and lualatex (0.95.0; TL 2016). To lualatex's (huge) credit, the speed difference is much smaller now:

pdflatex, TL2016: 11 seconds
lualatex, TL2016: 16 seconds

TL2017 improves both times by about 0.5 seconds:
pdflatex = 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18
lualatex = 1.0.4

this difference seems quite acceptable. not yet where we should discontinue pdflatex, but well on the way to a universal replacement for pdflatex. thanks everybody.

regards, /iaw