Ice-hockey penalty reasons

Yes like almost all sports, there's a full list of penalties, otherwise referees wouldn't done what play is a foul or not. In hockey the penalties are split to minor (2 minute) or major (5 minute) penalties.

Here is the list of minor penalties:

• Charging
• Clipping
• Closing hand on puck
• Cross-checking
• Delay of game
• Elbowing
• Embellishment
• Goaltender interference
• High-sticking
• Holding
• Holding the stick
• Hooking
• Illegal equipment
• Illegal stick
• Instigator
• Kneeing
• Leaving penalty bench too early
• Leaving the crease (goalkeeper)
• Participating in the play beyond the centre red line (goalkeeper)
• Roughing
• Slashing
• Throwing puck towards opponent’s goal (goalkeeper)
• Throwing stick
• Tripping
• Unsportsmanlike conduct

And here is the list of major penalties:

• Boarding
• Butt-ending
• Charging
• Checking from behind
• Clipping
• Cross-checking
• Elbowing
• Fighting
• Head-butting
• Hooking
• Illegal Check to the Head
• Interference
• Kneeing
• Slashing
• Spearing

Take a look at Wikipedia's article on hockey penalties for what each penalty is. There's also info on what results in a game misconduct, or 10 minute misconduct, or what results penalty on bench participants.

This is also a good resource talking about the penalties, with visualization for the signals.