Quantum Computing Asked on July 22, 2021
I have a pure quantum state $|irangle$ and another state $|psirangle = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}(|irangle + |jrangle)$. A state orthogonal to $|psirangle$ is $|phirangle$. Among these states, I know the following:
$$
langle i | psi rangle = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}
langle phi | psi rangle = 0.
$$
Then, what can I say about the inner product of $|irangle$ and $|phirangle$? I.e., is there a way to find:
$$
langle i | phi rangle
$$.
Thanks!
The answer depends on the dimension $d$ of the Hilbert space.
If $d = 2$ then $|phirangle = frac{e^{itheta}}{sqrt{2}} (|irangle - |jrangle)$ for some $theta in [0, 2pi)$ and so $langle i | phi rangle = frac{e^{itheta}}{sqrt{2}}$. In other words, it can be any complex number of absolute value $frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$.
If $d > 2$ then $|phirangle = frac{a}{sqrt{2}} (|irangle - |jrangle) + b|krangle$ for some $a, b in mathbb{C}$ such that $a^2 + b^2 = 1$ and any $|krangle$ orthogonal to $|irangle$ and $|jrangle$. Therefore, $langle i | phi rangle = frac{a}{sqrt{2}}$. In other words, it can be any complex number whose absolute value is in $[0, frac{1}{sqrt{2}}]$.
(I assume that $langle i|j rangle = 0$ and all kets are normalized.)
Correct answer by Adam Zalcman on July 22, 2021
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