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Why is the tachyon vertex operator $int d^2z :e^{ik.X(z,bar{z})}:$ integrated?

Physics Asked on August 19, 2021

I understand that, from the state-operator correspondence, $$|0;prangle ;=;:e^{ip.X(0,0)}: |0rangle.$$
This is given in Polchinski, equation (2.8.9).
I am now trying to understand the S-matrix for $2times$tachyon $rightarrow$ $2times$tachyon scattering. My understanding is as follows.

We seek to calculate $langlepsi_f|psi_irangle$, where the initial and final wavefunctions are both two taychons. That is, we want to find
$$langle 0, q_1 ; 0, q_2 | 0,p_1;0,p_2rangle ; =; langle0|:e^{-iq_1.X}: :e^{-iq_2.X}: :e^{ip_1.X}: :e^{ip_2.X}:|0rangle$$
$$ = int DXDg ; e^{-S_{Poly} [X, g]} ;V[-q_1, 0]V[-q_2, 0]V[p_1, 0]V[p_2, 0],$$

where $V[p, z] = ; :e^{ip.X(z, bar{z})}:$.

However, this is not the result quoted in textbooks (e.g. Polchinski eqns 3.5.5, and 3.6.1). Instead the actual result is

$$int DXDg ; e^{-S_{Poly} [X, g]} ;int d^4z_i d^4bar{z}_i V[-q_1, z_1]V[-q_2, z_2]V[p_1, z_3]V[p_2, z_4],$$

citing diffeomorphism invariance. I see that my expression is not invariant under diffeomorphisms, whilst the second one is. However, why is the second expression the correct result? I see it in textbooks referred to a guess, but a guess of what exactly? Surely what we have now is not the overlap of four tachyons $<psi_f | psi_i>$ which we sought to calculate, but rather the overlap of some strange superposition of infinitely many tachyons. How does this relate to the $2times$ tachyon scattering amplitude at all?

One Answer

The result without integration is a correlation function of $4$ operators in the auxiliary worldsheet CFT. It is not diffeo-invariant, as it should be, because the CFT is not diffeo-invariant.

The result with integration is the state of string theory, not CFT. String theory states are given by vertex operators integrated over the worldsheet.

If you're asking how we can see the last point, I suggest looking into canonical quantization of the string. Diffeomorphism invariance comes from the constraint that arises due to the use of Polyakov action, which is diffeomorphism invariant.

Correct answer by Prof. Legolasov on August 19, 2021

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