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Why does the probability transition from a Dirac distribution to a Gaussian?

Physics Asked on February 12, 2021

I’m trying to follow this paper in Section 3.1, but I’m having trouble with a comment they make in the final paragraph of that section.

First, we start with a pure state:

$$|psirangle = sum_i^m sum_j^n a_{ij} |irangle |jrangle.$$

Then, they consider the complex numbers $a_{ij}$ being uniformly distributed on a hypersphere, so they have probability density:

$$P(a) sim delta left( sum_i^m sum_j^n lvert a_{ij} rvert^2 – 1 right),$$
where $delta()$ is the Dirac distribution. Then, in the last paragraph before Section 3.2, they write:

Second, notice that the exact result of Lubkin can be estimated by relaxing the normalization constraint in the distribution, and replacing it with a product of independent Gaussian distributions, $P(a) = prod_{i,j} (nm / pi) exp left( -nm lvert a_{ij} vert^2 right)$, with $langle a_{ij} rangle = 0$ and $langle lvert a_{ij} rvert ^2 rangle = 1/nm$.

They then go on to say that the central limit theorem says that this distribution tends to a Gaussian in $sum_i^m sum_j^n lvert a_{ij}rvert^2$ centered at $1$, with variance $1/sqrt{nm}$.

Basically, I don’t see why we get this distribution. From what I can tell, we need a sum of random variables (which we have when you take the product of those exponentials), but I’m not seeing the mean of $1$, nor the (few) steps being taken to get this end result. If someone could explain, that would be great. Also, I would like to understand what the assumption behind replacing our initial normalization with the Gaussians was.

One Answer

I think that the gaussian distribution just emerges from the definition of the Dirac delta, but I'm only able to understand the approximation in a reversed way (starting from the delta and ending up with the product of gaussians). The Dirac function is defined as: $$delta(x)=lim_{sigmarightarrow 0}frac{1}{sqrt{2pi}sigma}e^{-x^2/2sigma^2},$$ where $sigma^2$ is the variance (or width) of the gaussian distribution, centered around zero in this case.

Using this definition, you can have: $$P(alpha)sim delta (sum^m_isum^n_j|alpha_{ij}|-1)=lim_{sigmarightarrow 0}frac{1}{sqrt{2pi}sigma}e^{-(sum^m_isum^n_j|alpha_{ij}|-1)^2/2sigma^2},$$ where $sigma$ must be $sigma=1/mn$ since it is the parameter that controls the width of the distribution (in the limit of $mnrightarrow infty$, your system should have a perfect delta). Then they "relax" the normalization assuming a finite but very large dimension, so: $$delta (sum^m_isum^n_j|alpha_{ij}|-1)simeqfrac{nm}{sqrt{2pi}}e^{-nm(sum^m_isum^n_j|alpha_{ij}|-1)^2/2}.$$ Finally, they apply the limit central theorem to write the distribution as a product of distributions. For me, this derivation is a bit weird, but it is the only way I find to explain it. I hope it can help you!

Answered by RMPsp on February 12, 2021

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