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What is the capacitance of a spoon?

Physics Asked by OverLordGoldDragon on September 22, 2020

Has anyone measured it? I can’t seem to find anything online for "spoon capacitance"; what’s the expected (self-)capacitance on the typical household utility metal spoon? The spoon heads bear a nice surface area to store charges like a two-plate capacitor.

Alternatively, capacitance of any typical household utility will also do (fork, knife, metal fry pan…).

2 Answers

Gary Godfrey beat me to the spherical cow joke. For a slightly more sophisticated theorist's answer, let's consider an ellipsoidal cow instead. According to the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, the inverse of the capacitance of an conducting ellipsoid with semi-major axes $a$, $b$, and $c$ is $frac{1}{C} = R_F(a^2, b^2, c^2) / (4 pi epsilon_0)$, where $$ R_F(a^2, b^2, c^2) = frac{1}{2} int_0^infty frac{dt}{sqrt{(t+a^2)(t+b^2)(t+c^2)}}. $$ (Note that the formula given in the above link is in CGS units; I think I have correctly converted it to MKS units, but let me know if this needs correction.) This integral doesn't have a closed-form expression for arbitrary $a$, $b$, and $c$; but for $a = b < c$, it can be performed: $$ R_F(a^2, a^2, c^2) = frac{cosh^{-1} (c/a)}{sqrt{c^2 - a^2}}. $$ This implies that $$ C = 4 pi epsilon_0 frac{sqrt{c^2 - a^2}}{cosh^{-1} (c/a)}. $$ If we approximate a spoon as an ellipsoid of length 20 cm and diameter 2 cm, we have $c = 10$ cm and $a = 1$ cm, and we obtain $ C approx 3.7$ pF.

As another example, if we approximate a human body as an ellipsoid with $c = 80$ cm and $a = 20$ cm, we obtain $C approx 42$ pF. We can see that this is within an order of magnitude of estimates found elsewhere.

For an object that is better approximated as an oblate ellipsoid, with $a = b > c$, the integral is slightly different, and the capicatnce turns out to be: $$ C = 4 pi epsilon_0 frac{sqrt{a^2 - c^2}}{cos^{-1} (c/a)}. $$ If a frying pan has a radius of $c approx 15$ cm, and a thickness of about 4 cm (so $a approx 2 cm$), then $C approx 11.5 pF$. Still smaller than that of a human body. $$

Finally, note that in both cases, for a given ratio of $c/a$, the capacitance of a body scales linearly with its size. This is a general property that can (I think) be proven rigorously for bodies of arbitary shape via arguments based on the properties of Laplace's equation.

Correct answer by Michael Seifert on September 22, 2020

Instead of the old physics joke of "consider a spherical cow", let's consider a spherical spoon of radius r. The capacitance of a sphere in outer space is

begin{align} C_text{sphere} &= 4pi epsilon_0 r=4pitimes 8.8times10^{-12} frac{rm F}{rm m} times r \ &=111.times 10^{-12} frac{rm F}{rm m} times r \ &approx 1~mathrm{pF}times frac{r}{rm text{cm}} end{align}

My spoon is 16 cm long (ie: a spherical spoon of 8 cm radius), so the spoon's capacitance is approximately 8 pf.

Answered by Gary Godfrey on September 22, 2020

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