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Special Relativity: Interpretation of the partial derivate of Stress-Energy Tensor

Physics Asked on September 27, 2021

This question is based on Carroll’s book Spacetime and Geometry, specifically from page 33 to page 36.

In the upper mentioned section we define the Stress-Energy Tensor as:

The flux of the four momentum $p^mu$ across a surface of constant $x^nu$

Here lies the first problem: canonically the flux of a vector across a surface is a scalar, not a matrix or a tensor. So I don’t get this definition at all.

But nevertheless I understand that the Stress-Energy Tensor represent a generalization of the concept of mass and energy, so we can move forward for now. We then get the form of the Stress-Energy Tensor for a perfect fluid:
$$T^{munu}=(rho+p)U^mu U^nu+peta^{munu}$$
(where $rho$ is the energy density, $p$ si the pressure and $U$ is the four-velocity; keep in mind that we are working in flat spacetime). This is fine for me, however then we come to the following expression:
$$partial _mu T^{munu}=0$$
It is stated that the $nu=0$ component corresponds to the conservation of energy and the other three components correspond to the conservation of momentum; but no direct proof, or justification, of this statement is given. Using the definition of $T^{munu}$ previously cited: how can we show that the upper mentioned statement is true, or at least plausible?

One Answer

The fundamental tensor equation of relativistic mechanics of continous matter is $$ K^mu = partial_mu T^{munu} $$ where $K^mu$ is the 4-force-density acting on material medium and $T^{munu}$ is the energy-momentum-stress tensor of the system. Consistently for $nu=0$ we obtain the equation of continuity and for $nu=1,2,3$ the 3-vector equation of motion. Of course, in absence of external forces ($K^mu=0$), the scalar relation corresponds to conservation of energy and the vector relation becomes the law of conservation of linear momentum.

Answered by Pangloss on September 27, 2021

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