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Relation between the trace anomaly and the energy-momentum tensor being off-shell

Physics Asked on November 5, 2020

Let’s say we have a massless QED theory with a Lagrangian

begin{equation}
L=ibar{psi}not{D}psi-frac{1}{4}F_{munu}F^{munu}
end{equation}

The symmetric energy-momentum tensor is

begin{equation}
Theta^{munu}=frac{1}{2}bar{psi}Big{gamma^mu D^nu+gamma^nu D^muBig}psi-eta^{munu}ibar{psi}not{D}psi-F^{mulambda}F^nu_{ lambda}+frac{1}{4}eta^{mu nu}F^{sigmalambda}F_{sigmalambda}
end{equation}

The trace of this operator is

begin{equation}
Theta^mu_{ mu}=big(1-dbig)ibar{psi}not{D}psi+big(frac{d}{4}-1big)F^{sigmalambda}F_{sigmalambda}
end{equation}

The fermionic part is zero if we use Dirac’s equation, which can be stated as “The energy-momentum tensor is traceless on-shell“. On the other hand, if we are working on a $d=4$ spacetime, the photon part is inmediately traceless.

The last equation works if $Theta^mu _{ mu}$ is a quantum operator as well, since the equations of motion work for operators too. My question is: How is the path integral insertion $langleTheta^mu_{ mu}rangle$ not inmediately zero?

My preliminary answer is that when you actually calculate that using

begin{equation}
langleTheta^mu_{ mu}rangle=intmathcal{D}psimathcal{D}A_muTheta^mu_{ mu}e^{-S_E}
end{equation}

the operator inside the path integral is not on-shell, which means that it is not zero. However, if we were working only with the photon field in $d=4$ then there’s no way $langleTheta^mu_{ mu}rangle$ is not zero.

Is my reasoning correct?

One Answer

After doing some reading, the answer seems to be this. Although every single book writes the trace anomaly in terms of $Theta^mu_mu$ or $langle Theta^mu_mu rangle$ they mean neither of those. What they mean is

begin{equation} langle A_rho | Theta^mu_mu | A_sigma rangle end{equation}

which is the expectation value of an insertion of the trace operator $Theta^mu_mu$ in the presence of a background field $A_rho$. This basically accounts for using the trace operator as an insertion on the photon propagator. As I said in the question, since the propagator can have loop corretions, the insertion of the trace doesn't need to be on-shell and therefore the fermionic part can contribute. Evenmore, if you have a divergence in the propagator you'll need to regularize that integral. If the regularization schemes mess with the number of dimensions (Dimensional Regularization) or they break the symmetry that made the trace zero in the first place (Cut-Off Regularization) then even the photon term can contribute to the insertion.

Answered by P. C. Spaniel on November 5, 2020

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