Relation between the spin of a field and the way charges interact
Physics Asked on July 14, 2021
When solving the problems of V. Rubakov’s "Classical Theory of Gauge fields" book, I encountered the following phenomenon:
- For a real scalar fields (spin 0) $phi$, if we consider the action with source $rho(overrightarrow{x},t)$,
$$S=int d^4x left{ frac{1}{2}partial_muphipartial^muphi-frac{m^2}{2}phi^2+rhophiright}, $$
and that we take the source associated to two charges $q_1$ and $q_2$ in $overrightarrow{x}_1$ and $overrightarrow{x}_2$,
$$ rho(t,overrightarrow{x}) = -q_1delta^{(3)}(overrightarrow{x}-overrightarrow{x}_1)-q_2delta^{(3)}(overrightarrow{x}-overrightarrow{x}_2),$$
then the energy of interaction of those charges (obtained by extracting the divergent terms of the Hamiltonian) decreases when $|overrightarrow{x}_1-overrightarrow{x}_2|$ decreases if $q_1q_2>0$. In other words, charges of the same sign attract each other.
- For a (real) vector field (spin 1) $A_mu$, if we consider the action with source $j^mu(overrightarrow{x},t)$,
$$S=int d^4x left{ -frac{1}{4}F_{munu}F^{munu}-ej_mu A^muright}, $$
with $F_{munu}=partial_mu A_nu-partial_nu A_mu$,
and that we take the source associated to two charges $q_1$ and $q_2$ in $overrightarrow{x}_1$ and $overrightarrow{x}_2$,
begin{align}
j_0(t,overrightarrow{x}) &= -q_1delta^{(3)}(overrightarrow{x}-overrightarrow{x}_1)-q_2delta^{(3)}(overrightarrow{x}-overrightarrow{x}_2),
j_i(t,overrightarrow{x}) &= 0,
end{align}
then the energy of interaction of those charges (obtained in the same way) decreases when $|overrightarrow{x}_1-overrightarrow{x}_2|$ increases if $q_1q_2>0$. In other words, charges of the same sign repulse each other. As in well-known electromagnetsim.
- For a spin 2 field (the metric for example), the behavior switch again: charges of the same sign attract each other. This is pretty intuitive when when it comes to gravity.
The pattern seems pretty clear.
- What is the fundamental reason for this to happend?
- What about half-integer spin fields?
- Does it continue for higher (than 2) spin fields? I heard that higher spin fields are much more difficult and that is was still not much understood. Why is that?
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