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Reconciling the drift velocity with Joule heating at high and low voltage

Physics Asked by alexykot on June 25, 2021

I’m trying to reconcile the particle behaviour in an electric field on the micro level with the conductor and the current properties on the macro level.

As far I understand – with resistance being constant an increase in voltage causes the power to increase and current flow to decrease. Also, an increase in voltage causes an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons.

The Joule heating happens because the drift velocity and electron-ion collisions cause the part of the energy of the electric field to be converted into the kinetic energy of the ions, and thus into thermal energy of the conductor.

To reduce these heat losses we increase the voltage applied to the conductor using transformers on the entry to a power line, and on the exit from it, like shown in this simple experiment.

On the macro level, the transformer increases the voltage applied to the conductor, and that allows using a thin wire that would overheat and melt when the same power would be drawn through it under lower voltage.

But surely on the micro level the increase in voltage will increase the electrons’ drift velocity and should increase the average number of collisions with ions and the total amount of energy transferred through those collisions, not decrease it. And given that the same conductor is used on low and high voltage – the total amount of electrons moving through the conductor would not change with the change of voltage, only their speed of movement.

So why does the Joule heating decreases when voltage goes up when it seems to have to increase?

One Answer

increase in voltage causes the power to increase and current flow to decrease. Also, an increase in voltage causes an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons.

You seem to be talking about power transmission. In the rationale for using the high voltage there, the voltage that is getting increased isn't the one between two fixed points on a single line. It is the voltage between two different lines that is getting increased.

By increasing this voltage between two different lines, the current $I$ flowing through the lines is decreased (because consumers drawing the same power cause smaller current to flow) and because losses are proportional to $I^2$, the losses are decreased. At the same time, since current is decreased, voltage between two fixed points on single line also gets decreased.

So by increasing the voltage between the lines, we decrease voltage between the ends of a single line (which would be zero ideally, but is not in practice and we want to minimize it).

Answered by Ján Lalinský on June 25, 2021

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