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Must the action be a coordinate scalar?

Physics Asked by muhmed20 on March 31, 2021

I know that an action must be locally-Lorentz invariant based on physical reasons, but is there any requirement for it to be a coordinate pseudo-scalar (up to surface terms)? In particular, would an action of the following form be permissible,
$$
S=int sqrt{-g} L , d^4x ,
$$

where $L$ is not a coordinate scalar (i.e. has no free indices but explicitly depends on coordinates) but is still a local Lorentz scalar. An example of such a Lagrangian that isn’t a coordinate scalar would be using a contraction of the Christoffel symbols
$$
L= g^{mu nu}Gamma_{mu lambda}^{rho} Gamma^{lambda}_{nu rho} .
$$

Will this still give a well-defined variation principle $delta S = 0$ despite $S$ being non-covariant and depending on the choice of coordinates?

A similar question but regarding Lorentz invariance is asked here Must the action be a Lorentz scalar? but I’m unsure if the argument also applies here too (with diffeomorphism invariance instead of Lorentz invariance).

Also note I do not care if the equations of motion resulting from $delta S = 0$ are not covariant.


On further thought, rather than Lagrangian wrote above one could just consider something simple like
$$
L = partial_{mu}partial_{nu}g^{mu nu}
$$

which is probably easier to work with. One potential problem I see is that the action could vanish or diverge to plus or minus infinity in some coordinate systems – is this a problem for the variation principle $delta S= 0$?

One Answer

When we write an integral like $$ int fsqrt{g}mathrm{d}^4x$$ then $f : M to mathbb{R}$ is a scalar function on our spacetime $M$. Coordinate-dependent expressions do not define such functions, when you write something like $$ L = g^{mu nu}Gamma_{mu lambda}^{rho} Gamma^{lambda}_{nu rho}, $$ then that actually doesn't define anything - the expression on the r.h.s. does not have a single value, but infinitely many, depending on what coordinate system you choose.

Of course you can define a function if you declare that $L$ always takes the value that the r.h.s. has in one fixed coordinate system, but since we usually do not want to fix a coordinate system this is rather pointless - there is no naturally "preferred" coordinate system on manifold so it is hard to see how any quantity of interest could ever be of this form.

Answered by ACuriousMind on March 31, 2021

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