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Klein-Gordon Green's Function

Physics Asked on August 14, 2021

I am having trouble understanding the derivation presented in chapter 2 of Overview of Quantum Field Theory, in which the authors show that the a particular function, denoted as $D_R(x-y)$ is the Green’s function for the Klein-Gordon equation. Here is the derivation for $D_R(x – y)$, which is equation (2.54) in the book:

$langle0|[phi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle = int frac{d^3p}{(2pi)^3}frac{1}{2E_p}big(e^{-ipcdot (x – y)} – e^{ipcdot (x – y)} big) = int frac{d^3p}{(2pi)^3}int frac{dp^0}{2pi i}frac{-1}{p^2 – m^2}e^{-ipcdot (x – y)}$

$D_R(x – y) equiv theta(x^0 – y^0)langle0|[phi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle$

The results of equation 2.56 (see below) are confusing me. I can derive the equations after the first equals sign (it is just the product rule); however, right after the second equals sign I see that the first term contains a $pi(x)$. Why can we say this, because after all the derivative on the first term applies only to the step function $theta(x^0 – y^0)$? Also after the first equal sign, I am confused again: why is the expression after the second equals sign equal to the four dimensional Dirac delta? I believe it has something to do with equation 2.54 but I am not sure how the math works; can someone explain?

$(partial^2 + m^2)D_R(x – y) = (partial^2 theta(x^0 – y^0))langle0|[phi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle + 2(partial_mu theta(x^0 – y^0))(partial^{mu}langle0|[phi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle) + theta(x^0 – y^0)(partial^2 + m^2)langle0|[phi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle$

$= -delta(x^0 – y^0)langle0|[pi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle + 2delta(x^0 – y^0)langle0|[pi(x), phi(y)] |0rangle + 0$

$= – idelta^4(x – y)$

One Answer

For the first term note that the Lorentz index can only be $mu=0$. Then use $partial theta(x) = delta(x)$ in begin{align} int_{-infty}^{+infty} frac{partial ^2 theta(x)}{partial x^2} f(x) dx = &, int_{-infty}^{+infty} frac{partial delta(x)}{partial x} f(x) dx nonumber =&, delta(x) f(x) Big|_{-infty}^{+infty} - int_{-infty}^{+infty} delta(x) frac{partial f(x)}{partial x} f end{align} Hence begin{align} [(partial^0)^2theta(x^0-y^0)] langle 0| [phi(x),phi(y)]|0rangle = &,- delta(x^0-y^0) partial_0 langle 0| [phi(x),phi(y)]|0ranglenonumber = &,- delta(x^0-y^0) langle 0| [pi(x),phi(y)]|0rangle end{align}

For the last equation, the answer was given by @G.Smith in the comments.

Correct answer by Oбжорoв on August 14, 2021

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