How many times do solar protons repeatedly fuse and fission before they form deuteron

There is a nice analysis by Gillian Knapp here. She argues that it's natural to define the cross-section for collision as the cross-section for an S-wave collision, and this comes out to be four orders of magnitude bigger than the geometrical cross-section. Using this along with the number density of protons in the core, she gets a collision rate of $sim 10^{12} text{s}^{-1}$. This is the rate of assaults on the Coulomb barrier, not the rate of close collisions in which we actually penetrate the barrier. The observed fusion rate, based on how much of the sun's hydrogen remains unburned, is $5times10^{-18} text{s}^{-1}$. The WKB barrier penetration probability for S waves is $sim e^{-16}sim10^{-7}$. So we have

$frac{text{rate of barrier-penetrating collisions}}{text{rate of fusion}} = frac{(text{rate of S-wave collisions})(text{WKB probability})}{text{rate of fusion}}sim 10^{23}.$

IIRC this kind of thing is tricky to estimate because you're looking at the overlap of two thin tails: the upper tail of the Maxwellian distribution and the lower tail of the cross-section as a function of energy. There is some energy at which the product of these two functions has a pronounced, narrow peak, and it's this energy at which you should be estimating the WKB probability, not the typical thermal energy.