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Heisenberg and Schrödinger pictures - clarification

Physics Asked by user3461126 on June 7, 2021

Question related to The equivalence between Heisenberg and Schroedinger pictures.

I understand what’s explained in the link provided above. My textbook (Breuer and Petruccione’s Theory of Open Quantum Systems – but that’s similar to what’s done in the related Wiki page) does things a little differently, and I’m struggling to understand what’s going on.

What they say is:

Schrödinger picture and Heisenberg picture operators are related through the canonical transformation $A_H(t)=U^dagger(t,t_0)A(t)U(t,t_0)$, where we allow the Schrödinger picture operator $A(t)$ to depend explicitly on time.

They then derive the equation of motion as

$frac{d}{dt}A_H(t)=i[H_H(t),A_H(t)]+frac{partial A_H(t)}{partial t}$

where $H_H(t)$ is the Hamiltonian in the Heisenberg picture. Explicitely,

$frac{partial A_H(t)}{partial t}=U^dagger(t,t_0)frac{partial A(t)}{partial t}U(t,t_0)$

Now, what does it mean "we allow $A(t)$ to depend explicitly on time"? Isn’t the point of Schrödinger’s picture that operators do not depend on time, but states do? What does that "canonical transformation" mean? The operator $A$ on the RHS should not depend on time, how can we make it time-dependant and still be in Schrödinger’s picture? Shouldn’t the term $frac{partial A(t)}{partial t}$ always be $0$?

One Answer

Normally, in most usual problems, H and also operators DO NOT depend explicitly on time in the Schroedinger picture. In Heisenberg picture they do depend on time according to the equations you gave, plus indeed $partial A/ partial t = 0$. Its just that there exist also problems where the external force or magnetic field or something else is time-dependent (already in the Schroedinger picture) then you will need the more general formulas.

Answered by Kostas on June 7, 2021

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