Physics Asked by Massimo Valerio Preite on May 19, 2021
In this PhD thesis I found a good treatment of refraction and reflection of Gaussian beams at a curved surface.
My doubt is from where does it come the cube in the cosine at the denominator of $x^2$ in eq. 4.28 (pag. 58):
$$z_iapprox x_i tan theta_i+frac{x_i^2}{2 R_I cos^3 theta_i}+frac{y_i^2}{2 R_S cos theta_i}$$
Following that approach (actually from the paper "Reflection and Refraction of Gaussian Light Beams at Tilted Ellipsoidal Surfaces") I have to find an approximated solution for z on the ellipsoid of revolution from eq. 4.27:
$$ (x_i+A sin theta_i)^2+(A y_i/B)^2+(z_i-A cos theta_i)^2=A^2$$
The exact solution is
$$z_i=A cos theta_i pm sqrt{A^2-(x_i+A sin theta_i)^2+(A y_i/B)^2} = = A cos theta_i pm A cos theta_i sqrt{1- frac{x_i^2+2 A x_i sin theta_i+ (A y_i/B)^2}{A^2 cos^2 theta_i}}$$
Where the minus solution is to be selected. The first order approximation is then
$$z_i approx A cos theta_i left( frac{x_i^2+2A x_i sin theta_i+ (A y_i/B)^2}{2 A^2 cos^2 theta_i}right) = x_i tan theta_i + frac{x_i^2}{2 A cos theta_i}+ frac{A y_i^2}{2 B^2 cos theta_i}$$
It adds up, except for the $x^2$ term.
Moreover, I don’t understand how it gets to eq. 4.31:
$$psi_r(x_i, y_i)= k_i x_i tan theta_i+ frac{k_i x_i^2}{2} left( frac{1}{q_{1r}}+ frac{1-2 cos^2 theta_i}{R_I cos^3 theta_i} right) + frac{k_i y_i^2}{2} left( frac{1}{q_{2r}}+ frac{1-2 cos^2 theta_i}{R_S cos^3 theta_i} right)$$
Regarding the $cos^3$, my mistake has been of stopping the expansion in x at the first order, but, considering that the variation contains both a linear and a quadratic term. Considering that $$sqrt{1-delta} approx 1 - frac{delta}{2}-frac{delta^2}{8}+O(delta^3)$$ it becomes $$z_i approx A cos theta_i left[ frac{1}{2}frac{2 A x_i sin theta_i + x_i^2}{A^2 cos^2 theta_i} + frac{1}{8}frac{left(2 A x_i sin theta_i + x_i^2 right)^2}{A^4 cos^4 theta_i} right] == x_i tan theta_i + A cos theta_i left( frac{x_i^2}{2 A^2 cos^2 theta_i} +frac{4 A^2 sin^2 theta_i x_i^2+...}{8 A^4 cos^4 theta_i} right)$$ And one can check that the quadratic term coefficient becomes $1/cos^3 theta_i$.
Answered by Massimo Valerio Preite on May 19, 2021
For eq. 4.31, one has to put eq. 4.28 for $z_i$ into $z_r$ of eq. 4.30: $$z_r= x_i sin 2 theta_i - z_i cos 2 theta_i= x_i sin 2 theta_i - cos 2 theta_i left( x_i tan theta_i + frac{x_i^2}{2 R_I cos^3 theta_i} + frac{y_i^2}{2 R_S cos theta_i}right)$$ The linear term comes from reducing $ 2 sin theta_i cos theta_i -(2 cos^2 theta_i-1) tan theta_i$.
For refraction the procedure is the same. In eq. 4.37 the $cos^2 theta_t/cos^2 theta_i$ in front of $1/q_{1t}$ is because the length parallel to the interface is conserved, so $$frac{x_t}{cos theta_t}=frac{x_i}{cos theta_i}$$
Answered by Massimo Valerio Preite on May 19, 2021
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