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Finding the equilibrium angle for a dipole when another dipole in the vicinity is held fixed

Physics Asked on June 4, 2021

Panofsky and Phillips’ Exercise 11 of Chapter 1:

Consider two coplanar electric dipoles with there centers a fixed distance apart. Show that if the angles the dipoles make with the line joining their centers are $theta$ and $theta’$, and if $theta$ is held fixed,
$$
tantheta = -frac{1}{2}tan theta’
$$

for equilibrium.

What I did:

In the text was proven the potential energy for a pair of dipoles with separation $mathbf r$ between them:
$$
U = frac{1}{4piepsilon_0}left[
frac{mathbf{p_1cdot p_2}}{r^3} – frac{3}{r^5}(mathbf{p_1cdot r})(mathbf{p_2cdot r})
right]
$$

This reduces to $2costhetacostheta’ – sinthetasintheta’$ times some constant. Setting $U'(theta’)=0$ now yields
$$
tantheta=-2tantheta’.
$$

Question: This is obviously wrong (which is easily seen if one tries to visualize the field lines of a dipole). So what has gone awry?

One Answer

This is a somewhat partial answer but sufficient for the op's particular question. The expression you derived for stability is correct. You can check it by plotting potential energy for some fixed values of $theta$.

But the P.E. expression symmetric is symmetric under the interchange of the dipoles, which does not reflect in the equilibrium stable condition. Perhaps someone can point out if something is missing.

Answered by aneet kumar on June 4, 2021

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