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Electric potential of an arbitrary resistor

Physics Asked by S.H.W on February 26, 2021

General case: Suppose that we have a resistor which is made from material with conductivity $sigma$. We set the voltage at the ends:
enter image description here
I think according to the Laplace equation we have:
$$nabla^2V = 0$$ With boundary conditions: $$ text{Portions that touch the right plate:} V = 0 text{Portions that touch the left plate:} V = V_0 text{The surrounding space is nonconducting} implies text{Other portions:} mathbf{J}.mathbf{hat{n}} = 0implies mathbf{E}.mathbf{hat{n}} = 0implies frac{partial V}{partial n} = 0$$
Where $mathbf{hat{n}}$ is the unit vector normal to the surface at each point. Is this correct?

Special case: In Griffiths "introduction to electrodynamics", there is a somewhat similar problem:
enter image description here
He mentions that the shape of the cross section is irrelevant but it should be the same across the resistor. So why this assumption is necessary? Also is it necessary that cross sections be perpendicular to the $z$-axis? Maybe these two assumptions are just required to make sure $V(z) = frac{V_0z}{L}$ works. If that’s the case, I think we don’t need the first assumption(i.e. the cross section stays constant across the length).

Edit: So is the formulation of the problem correct in the general case? If it’s correct, can we drop the constant cross section assumption? I mean in that case we have $$nabla^2V = 0$$ With boundary conditions: $$ text{Right cross section:} V = 0 text{Left cross section:} V = V_0 text{Other portions of the surface:} frac{partial V}{partial n} = 0$$
I think also in this case $V(z) = frac{V_0z}{L}$ solves the Laplace equation and by the uniqueness theorem, it’s the only solution.

One Answer

He mentions that the shape of the cross section is irrelevant but it should be the same across the resistor. So why [is this assumption] necessary? Also is it necessary that cross sections be perpendicular to the z-axis?

These assumptions are necessary to simplify the problem so that the field lines are straight (so that a simple relationship between conductivity and resistance can be applied) and so that calculus isn't required in the solution.

For field lines perpendicular to the cut surfaces of an infinitesimal vertical sliver of this resistor (of length $dl$) with cross-sectional area $A$, the resistance is $dR=dl/(sigma A$). The total resistance—as long as the cross-sectional shape is constant—is then just $R=L/(sigma A)$. If the cross-sectional area were to vary slightly moving down the resistor (as a function of the distance $l$, or $A(l)$), the resistance would be given by $$R=int_0^Lfrac{dl}{sigma A(l)},$$ which is harder that the constant-shape calculation. In addition, we would expect some degree of additional resistance from the field lines changing shape; this effect might be negligible in practice for slight shape variations, but Griffith wants to ensure that you don't have to think about it.

Edit: Another reason to specify a constant cross-sectional shape is to ensure that $hat{mathbf{n}}$ has no $z$-direction component. If it did have a $z$-direction component, then $V(z)=frac{V_0z}{L}$ could not be a solution because it would not always satisfy $mathbf{E}cdothat{mathbf{n}}=0$. This is related to the discussion of straight field lines above.

Answered by Chemomechanics on February 26, 2021

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