Physics Asked by FaDA on May 30, 2021
This question originates from the definition of linear and non-linear dynamic susceptibility in Uwe Tauber’s book “Critical Dynamics: A Field Theory Approach to Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Scaling Behavior”.
In page 50, he talked about the dynamic susceptibilities.
For a system under perturbation, the Hamiltonian
$$H = {H_0} + {H^prime }(t)$$
where the time-dependent perturbation
$${H^prime }(t) = – F(t)B$$
Then the deviation $delta A(t)$ of a physical quantity $A$ from its equilibrium value ${A_0}$ ($delta A(t) = langle A(t)rangle – {A_0}$) is given as
$$delta A(t) = int {{chi _{AB}}} left( {t – {t^prime }} right)Fleft( {{t^prime }} right){rm{d}}{t^prime } + frac{1}{2}int {chi _{ABB}^{(2)}} left( {t – {t^prime },t – {t^{prime prime }}} right)Fleft( {{t^prime }} right)Fleft( {{t^{prime prime }}} right){rm{d}}{t^prime }{rm{d}}{t^{prime prime }} + cdots tag{2.14}$$
(The tag of the eq. is the same as the book)
Then the linear as non-linear (2nd order) susceptibility is defined, respectively, as
$${chi _{AB}}left( {t – {t^prime }} right) = {left. {frac{{delta langle A(t)rangle }}{{delta Fleft( {{t^prime }} right)}}} right|_{F = 0}} tag{2.15}$$
$$chi _{ABB}^{(2)}left( {t – {t^prime },t – {t^{prime prime }}} right) = {left. {frac{{{delta ^2}langle A(t)rangle }}{{delta Fleft( {{t^prime }} right)delta Fleft( {{t^{prime prime }}} right)}}} right|_{F = 0}} tag{2.16}$$
Here is my question
How could get these definition from eq. (2.14) to (2.15) or (2.16), where is the time integral?
I mean, within the linear response theory, we have
$$delta A(t) = int_{ – infty }^t {{chi _{AB}}} left( {t – {t^prime }} right)Fleft( {{t^prime }} right){rm{d}}{t^prime }$$
By Fourier transformation and convolution theorem, the susceptibility in the frequency domain is
$$chi_{A B}(omega)=int_{0}^{infty} chi_{A B}(t) mathrm{e}^{mathrm{i} omega t} mathrm{d} t=left.frac{partiallangle A(omega)rangle}{partial F(omega)}right|_{F=0}$$
This seems Ok to me. But I cant see why $chi_{A B}(omega)$ takes the form of (2.15) in the time domain.
Suppose take a functional $mathcal{F}$ that is an integral of some function of a field $phi$, and we introduce a variation $phirightarrow phi + delta phi $, then the definition of the functional derivative $frac{delta mathcal{F}}{delta phi}$ is
begin{equation} delta mathcal{F} = int {rm d} x frac{delta mathcal{F}}{delta phi}delta phi end{equation}
Writing the susceptibility as a functional derivative is just a specific application of this definition.
Correct answer by Andrew on May 30, 2021
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