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Covariance of Newton's equation of motion under Galilean transformations

Physics Asked on February 6, 2021

I’m reading Arnold’s mathematical methods of classical mechanics and in the section he talks about newton’s equation ($ddot{boldsymbol{x}}=boldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{x}, boldsymbol{dot{x}},t)$) he says that this is invariant under Galilean transformations.
Right, I understand this, but now i wanna show mathematically that this happens

-For covariance under rotations assuming that i already now that the left hand side of newton’s equation does not depend explicitly on time: let $boldsymbol{x}:{phi}(t)$ be a solution for $ddot{boldsymbol{x}}=boldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{x}, boldsymbol{dot{x}},t)$. Then if it’s invariant under rotations, a rotation $boldsymbol{chi}=Gboldsymbol{x}$ is also a solution. So it satifies
$$boldsymbol{ddot{chi}}=boldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{chi},boldsymbol{dot{chi}})=Gboldsymbol{ddot{x}}=Gboldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{x},boldsymbol{dot{x}})$$
Therefore,
$$boldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{chi},boldsymbol{dot{chi}})=Gboldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{x},boldsymbol{dot{x}})
implies boldsymbol{F}(Gboldsymbol{x},Gboldsymbol{dot{x}})=Gboldsymbol{F}(boldsymbol{x},boldsymbol{dot{x}})$$

and that’s the condition that Arnold showed. As i said, i assumed that it was already shown that the function $boldsymbol{F}$ has no explicit dependence on time.

HERE IS MY QUESTION: how do i show, in a similar way as i did to rotations , that in fact $boldsymbol{F}$ does not depend on time in a time translation $t rightarrow t+S$? if i do it, i think i’ll be able to do the same for space translation. Otherwise, if i’m not right in my approach please tell what i did wrong.

One Answer

Let $T=t+S$. Then begin{align} frac{d}{dT}=frac{d}{dt}left(frac{dt}{dT}right)=frac{d}{dt} end{align} since $S$ is constant. Thus: $frac{dG}{dt}=frac{dG}{dT}$ etc.

Answered by ZeroTheHero on February 6, 2021

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