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Could torus spaces (defined by Planck length) exist?

Physics Asked by UNOwen on May 10, 2021

Let $epsilon_c$ denote critical energy density, $epsilon_t$ energy mass density at time $t$, $c$ the speed of light, $G$ the gravitational constant, $H=dot a/ a$ the Hubble constant, $Lambda$ the cosmological constant, $ell_p$ Planck length, and $E_p$ Planck energy. From the first order Friedmann equation,
begin{equation}
H^2=frac{8pi G}{3 c^2}left(epsilon_t+epsilon_Lambdaright)-frac{kappa c^2}{R^2_0 a},
end{equation}

and the quantum field theoretical assumption that, letting $V_muleft(ell_pright)$ denote the Planck volume,
begin{equation*}
begin{split}
epsilon_Lambda &= frac{Lambda c^2}{8pi G},
&equiv frac{E_p}{V_muleft(ell_pright)},
end{split}
end{equation*}

we may define $epsilon_c=epsilon_t$ when curvature $kappa=0$:
begin{equation}
epsilon_c=frac{3c^2}{8pi G}H^2-frac{E_p}{V_muleft(ell_pright)}.
end{equation}

There exists a closed manifold $mu$ such that
begin{equation}
V_muleft(ell_pright)=frac{8pi G E_p}{3c^2 H^2-8pi Gepsilon_c}.
end{equation}

Let $mu$ denote a torus (as a closed, compact 2–manifold). It should be noted that any topological space homeomorphic to a torus may be considered with the same treatment. The Planck volume is then,
begin{equation*}
begin{split}
V_muleft(ell_pright)&=2pi^2 Rleft(frac{ell_p}{2}right)^2,
&=frac{G Rhslashpi^2}{2c^3}.
end{split}
end{equation*}

The outer radius of $mu$ is denoted by $frac{ell_p}{2}$. If $0<frac{ell_p}{2}<<1$ denoted the inner radius, then $mu$ degenerates into a double-covered sphere with radius $R$, which yields an undesirable $Lambda$. Equating with (3) yields
begin{equation}
R=frac{16 E_p c^3}{hslashpileft(3c^2 H^2-8pi Gepsilon_cright)}.
end{equation}

Given observational data, whereby $epsilon_capprox7.8cdot10^{-10}J m^{-3}$,
begin{equation*}
Rapprox 1.9265995345cdot10^{48} m.
end{equation*}

The outer radius would then be approximately $2cdot10^{32}$ light years. A space of these ‘tori’ could technically exist since packing densities are higher than that of spheres (one could conjecture this as a minimum possible size of the universe – assuming total size is at least $3cdot10^{23}$ times larger than the observable). So, how could this be disproven? What implications would such a large outer radius have on other areas of physics and cosmology (seems absurd that the Planck length could describe such a large region of space – in terms of radii, not volume)? I would be grateful for any help on this.

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