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Are water molecules orientation absolutely independent of the flow direction?

Physics Asked on May 1, 2021

Or is there a bias toward a specific angle in regards to the direction of the current?

3 Answers

These types of questions are tempting to ask in a yes-no way, and you currently have an answer that says "yes" and and answer that says "no." The physicist's approach is to ask how big the biggest effect might be; let's try that.

The current answer which proposes an aligning effect suggests an interaction between the electric dipole moment of the water molecule, $p approx 6times10^{-30},mathrm{C,m} approx 0.4,e,Å$, and the Earths' magnetic field, via the Lorentz force, $vec F = q vec v times vec B$. The energy associated with this interaction is what you get if the force interacts over the length scale of the molecule, which has a bond length of about $1,Å$. The typical thermal velocities obey $kT approx mv^2$, or

begin{align} v^2 sim frac{kT}{m} = frac{25rm,meV}{18,mathrm{GeV}/c^2} &approx frac 43times10^{-12} c^2 v &sim 10^{-6} c approx 300 rm,m/s end{align}

So a typical Lorentz-force polarization energy would be

begin{align} U &approx | p v B | % &= 6times10^{-30} mathrm{C,m}cdot 3times10^2mathrm{m/s} cdot frac12times10^{-4}mathrm T % &approx 9times10^{-32},mathrm J %timesfrac{1rm,eV}{1.6times10^{-19}rm,J} &approx frac 58times10^{-13} rm,eV approx 60 rm,feV end{align}

Those are femto-eV. But the water molecule's rotational degree of freedom also has milli-eV energy sloshing around. The ratio of the aligned and un-aligned populations will go like the Boltzmann factor for this energy difference,

$$ e^{Delta E/kT} = e^{text{femto/milli}} = 1 + 10^{-12}, $$

that is, a part-per-trillion difference. I've been involved in several experiments looking for part-per-billion asymmetries; each one took ten years. A few parts per trillion is a small effect, even if you go back through my arithmetic and futz around with some missing factors of two.

What's more, the preferred direction $vec v times vec B$ is only well-defined if most of the water molecules are moving in generally the same direction. That only happens if the rate of flow is much faster than the typical thermal velocity --- which doesn't really happen unless the flow approaches the speed of sound in water.

If you tried to enhance the effect --- by, say, shooting a hypersonic jet of water through the bore of ten-tesla magnet, to bring the asymmetry up to the part-per-million range --- you'd probably just learn something sneaky about hydrogen bonding.

Correct answer by rob on May 1, 2021

Because water molecule has a dipole moment, in the earth magnetic field it is subjected to the Lorentz force.

Answered by Riccardo.Alestra on May 1, 2021

No, there isn't a bias. Water molecules jiggle around so much in the liquid that any long-range order (like dipoles getting all lined up) has no chance to form, and if it did form for any reason, it would be very quickly erased.

Answered by niels nielsen on May 1, 2021

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