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A question regarding the derivation of the equation for the Planck black body radiation distribution

Physics Asked by Rory Cornish on January 30, 2021

There is something that does not make sense to me regarding a derivation that I am reading of the Planck distribution for black body radiation emitted from a cavity. It treats the photons as particles, uses the 3D wave equation (from Maxwell’s equation reasonable as photons are exclamations in the quantum field) applies a boundary condition of zero on the edges of the cavity treated as a box, all of which I am fine with. Photons are bosons, so that for any given wave vector $(px, py, pz)$ in the discrete space of momentum states there can be many photons,and each wave vector identifies one state; again fine with all this. What follows after this is where I have a problem. The derivation calculates the partition function as follows. It picks a single state $(px,py,pz)$, identified by one wave vector and "sums the states" corresponding to different numbers of photons in that single state as follows.

$$Z=sum_{n=1}^{infty}ne^{-nhnu}$$

Where $nu$ is the energy associated with that wave vector $(px,py,pz)$. To explain my problem, let me consider just two terms in this sum, with m > n, as shown below.

$$Z=…+ne^{-nhnu}+me^{-mhnu}+….$$

So the first "n" term corresponds to the case where there are n photons all in the considered momentum state $(px,py,pz)$. It says that there are n particles in this state $(px,py,pz)$. The $m$ term similarly says that there are m photons in the state $(px,py,pz)$ – a contradiction, because as as we just saw, there are $n$ terms in this state!

Where am I going wrong? What am I misunderstanding?

One Answer

The summation is over all possible mutually exclusive states. The exponential factor is probability of that state.

Answered by Ján Lalinský on January 30, 2021

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