Quantum Dot properties using VASP

Question

We are working on the excitonic properties of cadmium-based Quantum Dots (QD) and QD heterostructures. We have MedeA-VASP and hence we managed to make QD structure. Are QD calculations different from doing bulk calculations using VASP?
How are DFT calculations on Quantum Dots (QDs) done using VASP?
Also, are Gaussian orbitals better compared to plane wave basis sets for QD calculations?

liuyun · Accepted Answer

Calculation of QD using VASP is not that much different from bulk calculations; you just need to ensure that sufficient vacuum is applied in all 3 spatial dimensions. My experience is that 10-15 Angstrom is sufficient, but this needs to be tested for your system and property of interest.
The trends in many optical and electronic properties (such as absorption energy) of QD are reliable using conventional DFT with semi-local functionals such as PBE. It is well known that the first exciton peak decreases in energy as the size of the QD increases, due to the loss of quantum confinment effect.
Another important thing to note is that ligands also play a very important role at controlling the optical properties. They are different from "bare" QD. In general the surface needs to be fully passivated with ligands while ensuring overall stoichiometry.

Tristan Maxson · Answer

It is worthwhile to add to liuyun's answer that even though these calculations are in theory straightforward there are some caveats you have to acknowledge.

Band gap tends to be underestimated by conventional DFT methods. This can be fixed to some degree by relaxing your nanoparticle using functionals such as PBE then using a hybrid functional such as HSE06 as a single point for band structure.  This is something that must be benchmarked though since it is possible a relaxation at the HSE06 level will change things.

Computational limits will quickly become a problem with common experimental systems. As a quick check, using ASE-GUI to make a 1.9 nm nanoparticle results in 249 atoms and a massive unit cell.  This is where it may be useful to look at trends on smaller systems and/or using a lower level of theory to pre-optimize your particles.

I am not an expert in this sort of calculation but you seem concerned with exciton properties.  I do believe you will not get the optical absorption energy due to the exciton binding energy shifting the optical band gap higher than the electronic band gap.  You may need time dependent calculations for that, but you can use some codes to analyze the band structure for the effective masses of the electron and hole.  This may be enough for you depending on what your goal is.

This is less of an issue and more of a comment, ligands will shift the optical properties but solvents will as well.  Using VASPsol to handle solvent interactions may be useful.

You could also consider switching to a different code / approach, I believe GPAW supports TD-DFT calculations in LCAO mode which is a highly parallelizable method.  This won't give the same level of accuracy (using default basis sets at least, I do not know about the limit of accuracy as you increase the basis set).  This may let you directly find the optical absorption spectra.

Quantum Dot properties using VASP

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