Sphere's surface area element using differential forms

As pointed out by @Ted Schifrin, the differential form I have used at the outset was wrong. Here's how I think one can arrive at the correct form. I would appreciate any comments.

General approach

Start with $m$-dimensional Eucledian space with Cartesian coordinates ${x^{(i)}}_{i=1,dots,m}$. There is a single equation that defines an $left(m-1right)$-dimensional surface $fleft(x^{(1)},dots,x^{(m)}right)=mbox{const}$.

One can define: $$ begin{align} df =& d(f)=partial_if,dx^{(i)} \ dn=& df/sqrt{langle df,,dfrangle} end{align} $$

The former is a 1-form dual to vector that is normal to the surface (in the sence that it would give zero when applied to any vector in the tangent space of the surface). The latter is the normalized 1-form: $langle df,, df rangle=g^{alphabeta},partial_alpha f,partial_beta f$, where $g^{alphabeta}$ is the inverse metric tensor.

From $dn$ one can extract a Hodge dual:

$$ star dn=frac{partial_mu f,g^{munu}}{sqrt{langle df,,dfrangle}} : ,frac{sqrt{g},epsilon_{nualpha_2dotsalpha_m}}{left(m-1right)!}:dx^{(alpha_2)}wedgedotswedge dx^{(alpha_m)} $$

Where $g$ is the determinant of the metric tensor and $epsilon$ is the Levi-Civita relative tensor. Given the volume form: $d^m V=dx^{(1)}wedgedotswedge dx^{(m)}$, one can check that:

$$ dnwedgestar dn=langle dn,,dnrangle d^m V=d^m V $$

As it should be.

Next, I come do definition. Since $star dn$ is the form that together with the 1-form 'perpendicular' to the surface $f=const$ gives the volume element, I define $star dn$ to be the area element (for integrating on $f=const$ surface).

Specific to sphere

With Cartesian coordinates the metric is trivial (diagonal), so $g=1$. $f=x^2+y^2+z^2=r^2$, so:

$$ begin{align} df =& 2x,dx + 2y,dy + 2z,dz \ dn =& frac{x}{r},dx + frac{y}{r},dy + frac{z}{r},dz \ star dn =& frac{x}{r} dy wedge dz + frac{y}{r} dz wedge dx + frac{z}{r} dx wedge dy \ end{align} $$

Now, finally its time to sub in the spherical coordinates:

$$ begin{align} star dn =& quadsinthetacosphi cdot left(sin^2thetacosphiright)r^2,dthetawedge dphi +\ &+sinthetasinphicdotleft(sin^2thetasinphiright)r^2,dthetawedge dphi +\ &+costhetacdot left(costhetasinthetacos^2phi+costhetasinthetasin^2phiright)r^2,dthetawedge dphi end{align} $$

Pulling things together:

$$ begin{align} d^2 S = star dn =& left(sin^3thetacos^2phi+sin^3thetasin^2phi+cos^2thetasinthetaright)r^2,dthetawedge dphi \ =& sinthetaleft(sin^2theta+cos^2thetaright)dthetawedge dphi \ =& r^2,sintheta,dthetawedge dphi end{align} $$

Your cartesian area element is quite wrong. Try $$x, dywedge dz + y, dzwedge dx + z, dxwedge dy.$$