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Question about step in Ahlfors' proof of Cauchy's inequality in complex analysis.

Mathematics Asked on December 1, 2021

I’m reading Ahlfors’ Complex Analysis. In this book, he provides the following proof of Cauchy’s inequality. Using $|a -b|^2 = |a|^2 + |b|^2 – 2 Releft(aoverline{b}right)$ he establishes the following

$$0le sum_{k=1}^n bigrlvert a_k – lambda overline{b_k}bigrrvert^2 = sum_{k=1}^n |a_k|^2 + underbrace{|lambda|^2sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2}_{a)} – 2 underbrace{Releft(overline{lambda}sum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kright)}_{b)}$$

where $lambda$ is some arbitrary complex number. He then proceeds to take the particular value of $lambda$ to be

$$ lambda =frac{sum_{j=1}^n a_jb_j}{sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2} $$

and using this, he says that after simplifications you obtain the following:

$$ sum_{k=1}^n |a_k|^2 – frac{Bigrlvertsum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kBigrrvert^2}{sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2}ge0$$

which proves Cauchy’s inequality.


I wanted to expand this and check this result for myself. I separated the problem into $2$ parts:

$textbf{a)}$ For $|lambda|^2sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2$ I got the follwing:
$$
|lambda|^2sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2 = frac{Bigrlvertsum_{j=1}^n a_jb_jBigrrvert^2}{Bigrlvertsum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2Bigrrvert^2}sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2 = frac{Bigrlvertsum_{j=1}^n a_jb_jBigrrvert^2}{left(sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2right)^2}sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2 = frac{Bigrlvertsum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kBigrrvert^2}{sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2}
$$

Here I use the property $bigrlvert|x|^2+|y|^2bigrrvert = |x|^2 + |y|^2$. I believe this is justified because $|x|^2 + |y|^2in mathbb{R}$, that $|x|^2 + |y|^2ge 0 + 0 ge 0$, and that the modulus of a positive real number is the real number itself. I think the reasoning is correct, but I’m not completely sure.

$textbf{b)}$ For $Releft(overline{lambda}sum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kright)$ I got the following:
$$
Releft(overline{lambda}sum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kright) = Releft(frac{overline{sum_{j=1}^n a_jb_j}}{overline{sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2}}sum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kright) = Releft(frac{sum_{j=1}^n overline{a_jb_j}}{sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2}sum_{k=1}^n a_kb_kright) =frac{Releft( sum_{j=1}^nsum_{k=1}^noverline{a_jb_j}a_kb_kright)}{ sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2}
$$

Where I used the fact that $overline{x} = x$ for $x in mathbb{R}$, and also that $Releft(frac{x}{c} + i frac{y}{c}right) = frac{x}{c} = frac{Re(x + iy)}{c}$. And here is where I ran into trouble.

I know that for the specific case where $j=k$ I can make a simplification using the fact that $z overline{z} = |z|^2$, but this still leaves the other cases where $j neq k$, and I don’t know how I could find the real part of these terms.

I also tried using the fact that $Re(z) le |z|$ and that $|a +b| le |a| + |b|$. Using this I got that
$$
frac{Releft( sum_{j=1}^nsum_{k=1}^noverline{a_jb_j}a_kb_kright)}{ sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2} le frac{Bigrlvert sum_{j=1}^nsum_{k=1}^noverline{a_jb_j}a_kb_kBigrrvert}{ sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2} le frac{ sum_{j=1}^nsum_{k=1}^n|a_jb_j|cdot|a_kb_k|}{ sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2}le frac{ sum_{s=1}^n|a_sb_s|^2}{ sum_{j=1}^n |b_j|^2}
$$

where for the last inequality I just did $sum_{j=k} + sum_{jneq k} le sum_{j=k}$. But even with this, this doesn’t give me a result that simplifies to the desired conclusion.

I don’t if there’s a step I’m doing wrong or of there’s something I’m missing, but I can’t seem to get to the inequality I want to arrive at. Can anyone tell if I’m on the right track? Thank you!

One Answer

Hint: With the choice of $lambda=frac {sum_{j=1}^n a_jb_j}{sum_{j=1}^n|b_j|^2},$ $$bar{lambda}sum_{k=1}^na_kb_k$$ is already real and equals $$frac{|sum_{j=1}^n a_j b_j|^2}{sum _{j=1}^n|b_j|^2}.$$

Answered by Pythagoras on December 1, 2021

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