Mathematics Asked on January 28, 2021
This is question 7N #2 from Willard’s General Topology, on p. 51.
For any topological space $X$, let $H(X)$ denote the group of
homeomorphisms of $X$ onto itself, with composition as the group
operation. Let $X = [0,1]$ and $Y = (0,1)$ and define $phi(h) = hrestriction_Y$, for each $h in H(X)$. Then $phi$ is an isomorphism
of $H(X)$ with $H(Y)$ but there is no homeomorphism of $X$ onto $Y$.
I have already seen that $[0,1]$ is not homeomorphic to $(0,1)$ (i.e. $X nsim Y$), so I am just trying to show that $phi: H(X) to H(Y)$ is an isomorphism. I am hoping that someone can double check my proof for showing that $phi$ preserves the composition operation and that $phi$ is injective and hoping that someone can help me show that $phi$ is also surjective, which I am struggling with.
First, let $h_1, h_2 in H(X)$. Then:
$phi(h_1 circ h_2) = (h_1 circ h_2)restriction_Y = (h_1restriction_Y) circ (h_2restriction_Y) = phi(h_1) circ phi(h_2)$.
I’m not sure if the move from the first equality to the second is obvious. It seems like it should be but I’m not sure if I need to justify it more. If this argument works, it shows that $phi$ preserves the group operation.
Second, suppose $h_1, h_2 in H(X)$ and $phi(h_1) = phi(h_2)$. This implies that $h_1restriction_Y = h_2restriction_Y$, i.e. $h_1(x) = h_2(x) (forall x in (0,1) = Y)$. But since $h_1, h_2$ are continuous on $X = [0,1]$, then $h_1(x) to h_1(0)$ and $h_2(x) to h_2(0)$ as $x to 0$. Since $h_1(x) = h_2(x) forall x in (0,1)$, then they must converge to the same point, by uniqueness of limits. So $h_1(0) = h_2(0)$. A similar argument holds when taking $x to 1$, so we can conclude that $h_1(x) = h_2(x) forall x in [0,1]$, i.e. $h_1 = h_2$ on $X$, so $phi$ is injective.
It remains to show that $phi$ is surjective. This is where I’m less sure.
My idea is to take some $g in H(Y)$ and a sequence like $(x_n) = (frac{1}{n+1}), n in mathbb{N}$. Clearly $x_n to 0$. Since $x_n in Y$ for each $n in mathbb{N}$ then we can define the sequence $(g_n) = (g(frac{1}{n+1})), n in mathbb{N}$. Since $g$ is continuous, we have that $(g_n) to x_0$ for some $x_0 in X$ (I think?). We can do something similar starting with a sequence in $Y$ that converges to $1$. So if we want to extend $g$ to a homeomorphism $h$ in $H(X)$ we would take $h(x) = g(x)$ for $x in Y$, $h(0) = x_0$, and $h(1) = x_1$. Does this argument make sense? Intuitively, it seems like it should be correct but I’m worried I’m not being rigorous enough.
For surjectivity note that any continuous injection $mathbb Rtomathbb R$ is strictly monotonic. Since there is a strictly monotonic homeomorphism $(0,1)cong mathbb R$ (e.g. using tangent), the same is true for $(0,1)$.
Hence, a homeomorphism $gcolon (0,1)to (0,1)$ must satisfy $$ lim_{xto 1} g(x)=1 quadtext{and}quad lim_{xto 0} g(x) = 0 $$ when it is monotonically increasing, or $$ lim_{xto 1} g(x)=0 quadtext{and}quad lim_{xto 0} g(x) = 1 $$ when it is monotonically decreasing.
In both cases, we obtain an extension of $g$ to a continuous bijection $[0,1]to[0,1]$. Since the same is true for $g^{-1}$, the extension is a homeomorphism.
Correct answer by Christoph on January 28, 2021
First note that a homeomorphism $h$ of $[0,1]$ sends cutpoints to cutpoints and non-cutpoints to non-cutpoints, so $h(0)=1$ or $h(0)=0$. Similarly for $1$, $h(1) in {0,1}$ and so indeed $phi(h) = hrestriction_{(0,1)}$ is a well-defined element of $H((0,1))$.
Conversely, if $h$ is a homeomorphism of $(0,1)$ it has a unique extension to a homeomorphism of $[0,1]$ by monotonicity of $h$ (either (striclty) decreasing or increasing), so we have a map $psi: H((0,1)) to H([0,1])$ defined by $psi(h)(x)=h(x)$ for $x in (0,1)$ and if $h$ is increasing, $psi(h)(0)=0$ and $psi(h)(1)=1$ and $psi(h)(0)=1$ and $psi(h)(1)=0$ if $h$ is decreasing. Moreover, we can check that $psi(h)$ is continuous when $h$ is. These maps are obvious inverses of each other.
If $g,h in H([0,1])$ then $phi(g circ h)=(g circ h)restriction_{(0,1)} = g circ (h restriction_{(0,1)}) = grestriction_{(0,1)} circ hrestriction_{(0,1)} = phi(g) circ phi(h)$ so $phi$ is a homomorphism.
The existence of $psi$ shows that $phi$ is 1-1 and onto, so is an isomorphism.
It probably even is a topological group isomorphism, if we give $H(X)$ the compact-open topology, e.g., which I believe will make it into a topological group, for nice spaces $X$.
Answered by Henno Brandsma on January 28, 2021
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