Mathematics Asked on December 10, 2020
Here is a new challenging problem:
Show that
$$I=int_0^{pi/2} xfrac{ln(cos x)}{sin x}dx=2ln(2)G-frac{pi}{8}ln^2(2)-frac{5pi^3}{32}+4Imleft{text{Li}_3left(frac{1+i}{2}right)right}$$
My attempt:
With Weierstrass substitution we have
$$I=2int_0^1frac{arctan x}{x}lnleft(frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}right)dxoverset{xto frac{1-x}{1+x}}{=}4int_0^1frac{frac{pi}{4}-arctan x}{1-x^2}lnleft(frac{2x}{1+x^2}right)dx$$
$$=piunderbrace{int_0^1frac{1}{1-x^2}lnleft(frac{2x}{1+x^2}right)dx}_{I_1}-4underbrace{int_0^1frac{arctan x}{1-x^2}lnleft(frac{2x}{1+x^2}right)dx}_{I_2}$$
By setting $xto frac{1-x}{1+x}$ in the first integral we have
$$I_1=frac12int_0^1frac{1}{x}lnleft(frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}right)dx$$
$$=frac14int_0^1frac{1}{x}lnleft(frac{1-x}{1+x}right)dx=frac14left[-text{Li}_2(x)+text{Li}_2(-x)right]_0^1=-frac38zeta(2)$$
For the second integral, write $frac{1}{1-x^2}=frac{1}{2(1-x)}+frac{1}{2(1+x)}$
$$I_2=frac12int_0^1frac{arctan x}{1-x}lnleft(frac{2x}{1+x^2}right)dx+frac12int_0^1frac{arctan x}{1+x}lnleft(frac{2x}{1+x^2}right)dx$$
The first integral is very similar to this one
$$int_0^1frac{arctanleft(xright)}{1-x},
lnleft(frac{2x^2}{1+x^2}right),mathrm{d}x =
-frac{pi}{16}ln^{2}left(2right) –
frac{11}{192},pi^{3} +
2Imleft{%
text{Li}_{3}left(frac{1 + mathrm{i}}{2}right)right}$$
So we are left with only $int_0^1frac{arctan xln(1+x^2)}{1+x}dx$ as $int_0^1frac{arctan xln x}{1+x}dx$ is already nicely calculated by FDP here. Any idea?
I noticed that if we use $xtofrac{1-x}{1+x}$ in $int_0^1frac{arctan xln(1+x^2)}{1+x}dx$ we will have a nice symmerty but still some annoying integrals appear.
In $I$, I also tried the Fourier series of $ln(cos x)$ but I stopped at $int_0^{pi/2} frac{xcos(2nx)}{sin x}dx$. I would like to see different approaches if possible.
Thank you.
Many ways to go are possible!
A simple way would be to exploit the known result,
$$int_0^1 frac{arctan(x)}{x}logleft(frac{1+x^2}{(1-x)^2}right)=frac{pi^3}{16},tag 1$$
since with the Weierstrass subs the main integral reduces to
$$mathcal{I}=2int_0^1frac{arctan(x)}{x}logleft(frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}right)textrm{d}x$$ $$=-2 int_0^1 frac{ arctan(x)}{x}log left(frac{1+x^2}{(1-x)^2}right) textrm{d}x-2 int_0^1 frac{arctan(x)log (1-x)}{x} textrm{d}x$$ $$+2 int_0^1 frac{arctan(x)log (1+x) }{x} textrm{d}x$$ $$=2log(2)G-frac{pi}{8}log^2(2)-frac{5}{32}pi^3+4Imleft{text{Li}_3left(frac{1+i}{2}right)right},$$
where the last two integrals are calculated by Ali Shather in this answer https://math.stackexchange.com/q/3261446.
End of story
Credit for this approach goes to Cornel.
A first note: Interestingly, different ways make the problem very difficult. It would be nice to have in place more ways to go.
A second note: The generalization of the key integral in $(1)$ may be found in the book, (Almost) Impossible Integrals, Sums, and Series, page $17$,
$$ int_0^x frac{arctan(t)log(1+t^2)}{t} textrm{d}t-2 int_0^1 frac{arctan(xt)log (1-t)}{t}textrm{d}t$$ $$=2sum_{n=1}^{infty} (-1)^{n-1} frac{x^{2n-1}}{(2n-1)^3}, |x|le1.$$
Correct answer by user97357329 on December 10, 2020
$$ int_0^1 frac{arctan x ln(1+x^2)}{1+x} dx=frac{pi}{16}ln^{2}left(2right) - frac{11}{192},pi^{3} + 2Imleft{% text{Li}_{3}left(frac{1 + mathrm{i}}{2}right)right}+{Gln2}$$ $$int_0^1frac{arctan xln(frac{2x}{1+x^2})}{1-x}dx=frac{pi^3}{192}-dfrac{Gln 2}{2}$$ $$int_0^1frac{arctan xln(frac{2x}{1+x^2})}{1+x}dx=frac{pi}{16}ln^{2}left(2right) + frac{pi^3}{24} - 2Imleft{%} text{Li}_{3}left(frac{1 + mathrm{i}}{2}right)right}-dfrac{Gln 2}{2}$$
Answered by user178256 on December 10, 2020
$newcommand{bbx}[1]{,bbox[15px,border:1px groove navy]{displaystyle{#1}},}
newcommand{braces}[1]{leftlbrace,{#1},rightrbrace}
newcommand{bracks}[1]{leftlbrack,{#1},rightrbrack}
newcommand{dd}{mathrm{d}}
newcommand{ds}[1]{displaystyle{#1}}
newcommand{expo}[1]{,mathrm{e}^{#1},}
newcommand{ic}{mathrm{i}}
newcommand{mc}[1]{mathcal{#1}}
newcommand{mrm}[1]{mathrm{#1}}
newcommand{pars}[1]{left(,{#1},right)}
newcommand{partiald}[3][]{frac{partial^{#1} #2}{partial #3^{#1}}}
newcommand{root}[2][]{,sqrt[#1]{,{#2},},}
newcommand{totald}[3][]{frac{mathrm{d}^{#1} #2}{mathrm{d} #3^{#1}}}
newcommand{verts}[1]{leftvert,{#1},rightvert}$
begin{align}
I & equiv int_{0}^{pi/2}x{lnpars{cospars{x}}
over sinpars{x}},dd x
\[5mm] & =
bbox[5px,#ffd]{2lnpars{2},mrm{G} - {pi over 8}ln^{2}pars{2} - {5pi^{3} over 32} + 4,Impars{mrm{Li}_3pars{1 + ic over 2}}}: {Large ?}label{1}tag{1}
end{align}
$ds{mrm{G}}$ is the Catalan Constant and
$ds{mrm{Li}_{s}}$ is the polylogarithm.
Answered by Felix Marin on December 10, 2020
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