Mathematics Asked by Vic Ryan on February 8, 2021
Let $alpha(t) = re^{it}$ where $|a|<r<|b|$ and $t in [0,2pi]$. I’d like to compute
$$int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz n, m in mathbb{N}.$$
It appears that the answer is
$$2pi i (-1)^m{n + m -2 choose n-1}frac{1}{(b-a)^{n+m-1}}.$$
I try to compute it but I’m not sure how that’s the final answer. Here is my attempt:
Let $f(z) = frac{1}{(z-b)^m}$, then by Cauchy integral formula
$$int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz = int_{alpha}frac{f(z)}{(z-a)^n}dz = frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}f^{(n-1)}(a).$$
Trying to find an expression of $f^{(n-1)}(z)$
begin{align*}
f^{(1)} &= -mfrac{1}{(z-b)^{m-1}}\
f^{(2)} &= m(m-1)frac{1}{(z-b)^{m-2}}\
f^{(3)} &= -m(m-1)(m-2)frac{1}{(z-b)^{m-3}}\
&vdots\
f^{(n-1)} &= (-1)^{n-1}m(m-1)(m-2)dotsc(m-n + 2)frac{1}{(a-b)^{m-n+1}}
end{align*}
I think this should be correct. So,
begin{align*}
int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz &= frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{n-1}m(m-1)(m-2)dotsc(m-n + 2)frac{1}{(a-b)^{m-n+1}}\
&= frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{2n-2-m}m(m-1)(m-2)dotsc(m-n + 2)frac{1}{(b-a)^{m-n+1}}\
&=frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{m}m(m-1)(m-2)dotsc(m-n + 2)frac{1}{(b-a)^{m-n+1}}.
end{align*}
But the exponent on $(b-a)$ is not the same. Further, I have no clue how I can get the binomial coefficient. Writing out the binomial coefficient in the given answer doesn’t seem to help me either.
$${n + m -2 choose n-1} = frac{(n+m-2)!}{(n-1)!(m-1)!} = frac{(n+m-2)(n+m-3)dotsc 2cdot 1}{(n-1)!(m-1)!} $$
NOTE: I haven’t learned residue theorem yet.
Answering my own question, thanks to the comments. Let $f(z) = frac{1}{(z-b)^m}$, then by Cauchy integral formula $$int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz = int_{alpha}frac{f(z)}{(z-a)^n}dz = frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}f^{(n-1)}(a).$$ Trying to find an expression of $f^{(n-1)}(z)$ begin{align*} f^{(1)} &= -mfrac{1}{(z-b)^{m+1}}\ f^{(2)} &= m(m+1)frac{1}{(z-b)^{m+2}}\ f^{(3)} &= -m(m+1)(m+2)frac{1}{(z-b)^{m+3}}\ &vdots\ f^{(n-1)} &= (-1)^{n-1}m(m+1)(m+2)dotsc(m+n - 2)frac{1}{(a-b)^{m+n-1}} end{align*} So, begin{align*} int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz &= frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{n-1}m(m+1)(m+2)dotsc(m+n - 2)frac{1}{(a-b)^{m+n-1}}\ &= frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{n-1-m-n+1}m(m+1)(m+2)dotsc(m+n - 2)frac{1}{(b-a)^{m+n-1}}\ &=frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{-m}m(m+1)(m+2)dotsc(m+n - 2)frac{1}{(b-a)^{m+n-1}}\ &=frac{2pi i}{(n-1)!}(-1)^{m}m(m+1)(m+2)dotsc(m+n - 2)frac{1}{(b-a)^{m+n-1}}. end{align*} Note that $${n + m -2 choose n-1} = frac{(n+m-2)(n+m-3)dotsc m}{(n-1)!}.$$ Hence, $$int_{alpha}frac{1}{(z-a)^n(z-b)^m}dz = 2pi i(-1)^m{n + m -2 choose n-1}frac{1}{(b-a)^{m+n-1}}.$$
Answered by Vic Ryan on February 8, 2021
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Answered by Felix Marin on February 8, 2021
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