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Closed graph theorem and continuity

Mathematics Asked by Lord Shadow on November 15, 2020

Let $V,W$ be banach spaces and $T:Vto W$ be linear map.

The closed graph theorem says $T$ is continuous iff the graph of $T$ is closed .

Graph of $T$ is closed is same as saying, if ( $x_nto x$ and $Tx_nto y$ ), Then $Tx=y$.

It’s very similar to continuity and difference is here we say if $Tx_nto y$ (in other words, we can assume the convergence for granted) , but in continuity we have to show $Tx_n$ converges (and to $Tx$ ).

I want to look at the counter example where one doesn’t implies other. I know in hausdroff space continuity implies closed graph. But I couldn’t find an example in which closed graph doesn’t implies continuity. Please help.

Also if my understanding of closed graph theorem is wrong,then please correct me.

One Answer

In order to find a counter-example, one has to give up completeness.

Let $V=W=c_{00}$ be the space of real-valued sequences with at most finitely many non-zero entries. Supplied with $sup$-norm. This is a normed space but not complete.

Define $T$ by $$ Tx = (x_1, 2x_2, dots, nx_n, dots), $$ which is a linear mapping from $c_{00}$ to $c_{00}$. It is not continuous, since it is unbounded. However its graph is closed: $x_n to x$ and $Tx_n to y$ imply $x_{n,k}to x_k$ for all $k$, as well as $kx_{n,k} to y_k$, hence $kx_k=y_k$ for all $k$, and $Tx=y$.

(We could have chosen $W=l^infty$ as well. Then the example still works.)

Answered by daw on November 15, 2020

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