How could this image be reproduced with MMA?

Too long for a comment: I interpret these sorts of questions as a request for brainstorming. Here's how one might tackle the problem of reverse-engineering the colors: let's get every distinct color of the image, and try to identify a simple function to reproduce the non-black colors

img=ImageTake[#, Last@ImageDimensions@# - 200] &@
 Import["http://www.fegovi.com/math/math084g.jpg"]

The ImageTake removed the gray logos.

cols=Union@Flatten[ImageData@RemoveAlphaChannel@img, 1]

Now we have every distinct color of the image in a list, about 130k of them. Let's ListPointPlot3D them in RGB space, a RandomSample of 10k of them

It looks like these fall on a few planes. Perhaps someone more adept then I can compute the multiple planes of best fit.

A possible way.

ParametricPlot3D[{x - y, x + y, Sin[x*y]}, {x, -8, 8}, {y, -8, 8}, 
  Axes -> False, Boxed -> False, 
  ColorFunction -> Function[{x, y, z}, ColorData["Rainbow"][x]], 
  RegionFunction -> Function[{x, y, z}, x^2 + y^2 <= 36], 
  MaxRecursion -> 0, Mesh -> None, Background -> Black, 
  PlotPoints -> 80] /. 
 Polygon[a_] :> {Thickness[Large], 
   Line[a, VertexNormals -> Automatic, VertexColors -> Automatic]}