Mathematica Asked on January 29, 2021
I’m relatively new to Mathematica and also new to this forum. In fact, this is my first question so please apologise if I do some formatting errors. I want to calculate the Lyapunov exponent of a driven and damped spherical pendulum. For this, I tried to use the code provided by Chris K. for my problem. Which is not working properly. To see if I did a general mistake, I calculated the Lyapunov exponent for a simple damped and driven pendulum and the code from Chris K. works perfectly. Which brings me to my four questions for my problem. If you can only answer one question, please do so every help is very much appreciated.
LyapunovExponents[eqns, ics, ShowPlot -> True, PlotOpts -> {AxesLabel -> {"iteration", "exponent"}}]
The ODEs for the spherical pendulum are as follows:
$$
theta ”(t) +2 zeta _{theta } omega _n theta ‘(t)+ frac{g sin (theta (t))}{l} – sin (theta(t))cos (theta (t)) phi ‘(t)^2 =- frac{U _0 Omega _u^2 cos (theta (t)) sin (phi (t))cos(t Omega _u)}{l};
phi ”(t)+frac{2 zeta _{phi } omega _n}{sin^2 (theta (t))} phi ‘(t)+frac{2 theta ‘(t) cos(theta (t)) phi ‘(t)}{sin(theta (t))}=-frac{U_0 Omega _u^2 cos (phi (t)) cos (t Omega_u)}{lsin (theta (t))}
$$
The ODEs are converted into the state space form that is required for the code from Chris K.
$$
x'(t)=-2. zeta _{theta } omega _n x(t)-frac{ g sin (y(t))}{l}+0.5 z(t)^2 sin (2 y(t))-frac{U_0 Omega _u^2 sin (w(t)) cos (y(t)) cos (t Omega_u)}{l};
y'(t)=x(t);
z'(t)= -frac{2 zeta _{phi } omega _n}{sin^2 (y (t))} z(t)-frac{2 x(t) cos (y(t)) z(t)}{sin(y(t))}-frac{U_0 Omega _u^2 cos (w(t)) cos (t Omega _u)}{lsin (y(t))};
w'(t) = z(t)
$$
As mentioned before I used Chris K. GramaSchmidt and LyapunovExponent function and added my code and variables which are as follows:
l = 0.5
g = 9.81
Subscript[[Omega], n] = Sqrt[g/l]
Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u] = Subscript[[Omega], n]
Subscript[U, 0] = 0.05
Subscript[[Zeta], [Theta]] = 0.0025
Subscript[[Zeta], [Phi]] = 0.0025
Equations for the spherical pendulum in state-space form
steq1 = Derivative[1][y][t] == x[t]
steq2 = Derivative[1][x][t] == -((1.*g*Sin[y[t]])/l) - (Cos[y[t]]*1.*Cos[t*Subscript[[CapitalOmega],u]]*Sin[w[t]]*Subscript[U, 0]*Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u]^2)/l - 2.*Subscript[[Zeta], [Theta]]*Subscript[[Omega], n]*x[t] + 0.5*Sin[2.*y[t]]*z[t]^2
steq3 = Derivative[1][w][t] == z[t]
steq4 = Derivative[1][z][t] == (1/(0.5 - 0.5*Cos[2.*y[t]]))*(-((1.*Cos[t*Subscript[[CapitalOmega],u]]*Cos[w[t]]*Sin[y[t]]*Subscript[U, 0]*Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u]^2)/l) - (2.*Subscript[[Zeta], [Phi]]*Subscript[[Omega], n] + 1.*Sin[2.*y[t]]*x[t])*z[t])
eqns = {steq2, steq1, steq4, steq3}
ics = {x -> 0, y -> 0.78, z -> 0., w -> 0.78}
LyapunovExponents[eqns, ics, ShowPlot -> True]
Thank you very much for your help.
Edit:
After some consideration, I realised, that the proposed parameters for the pendulum make the pendulum instable. This is why I choose to increase the damping ratio and decrease the excitation frequency as follows.
l = 0.5
g = 9.81
Subscript[[Omega], n] = Sqrt[g/l]
Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u] = 3
Subscript[U, 0] = 0.05
Subscript[[Zeta], [Theta]] = 0.05
Subscript[[Zeta], [Phi]] = 0.05
I also updated the initial conditions:
steq1 = Derivative[1][y][t] == x[t]
steq2 = Derivative[1][x][t] == -((1.*g*Sin[y[t]])/l) - (Cos[y[t]]*1.*Cos[t*Subscript[[CapitalOmega],u]]*Sin[w[t]]*Subscript[U, 0]*Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u]^2)/l - 2.*Subscript[[Zeta], [Theta]]*Subscript[[Omega], n]*x[t] + 0.5*Sin[2.*y[t]]*z[t]^2
steq3 = Derivative[1][w][t] == z[t]
steq4 = Derivative[1][z][t] == (1/(0.5 - 0.5*Cos[2.*y[t]]))*(-((1.*Cos[t*Subscript[[CapitalOmega],u]]*Cos[w[t]]*Sin[y[t]]*Subscript[U, 0]*Subscript[[CapitalOmega], u]^2)/l) - (2.*Subscript[[Zeta], [Phi]]*Subscript[[Omega], n] + 1.*Sin[2.*y[t]]*x[t])*z[t])
eqns = {steq2, steq1, steq4, steq3}
ics = {x -> 0.78, y -> 0.78, z -> 0.78, w -> 0.78}
LyapunovExponents[eqns, ics, ShowPlot -> True]
This gives me the following results:
{-0.0850468, -0.213523, -0.213502, Indeterminate}
However, the last Lyapunov exponent can’t be calculated. Did anyone else had a similar issue?
Not an answer, merely some observations. It seems that the problem might come from NDSolve
not LyapunovExponents
. If you simulate the system long enough, NDSolve
runs into trouble:
tmax = 10000;
sol = NDSolve[Join[eqns, {x[0] == 0, y[0] == 0.78, z[0] == 0, w[0] == 0.78}],
{x, y, z, w}, {t, 0, tmax}];
(* NDSolve::ndcf -- Repeated convergence test failure at t == 940.4341901984399`; unable to continue. *)
Running for a shorter time gives some clues:
tmax = 20;
sol = NDSolve[Join[
eqns, {x[0] == 0, y[0] == 0.78, z[0] == 0, w[0] == 0.78}], {x, y,
z, w}, {t, 0, tmax}];
GraphicsColumn[{
Plot[Evaluate[x[t] /. sol], {t, 0, tmax}, PlotRange -> All],
Plot[Evaluate[y[t] /. sol], {t, 0, tmax}, PlotRange -> All],
Plot[Evaluate[z[t] /. sol], {t, 0, tmax}, PlotRange -> All],
Plot[Evaluate[w[t] /. sol], {t, 0, tmax}, PlotRange -> All]
}]
Notice that when y[t]
goes through zero, z[t]
takes a rapid excursion. I suppose that's due to the denominator of z'[t]
having being zero when y[t]==0
.
Hopefully someone with more knowledge of spherical pendulums or NDSolve
issues can weigh in.
Answered by Chris K on January 29, 2021
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