Is there a term for translating a word to a language that has a different alphabet (such as Hindi to English)?

The word you're looking for probably is vernacularize. As per the Oxford English Dictionary, it means

Translate (speech or writing) into the vernacular of a country or region.

I work in the video game industry and we have to do a lot of this exact kind of work, translating a word while also changing the alphabetic representation. We use the umbrella term "localize" to describe it.

Conversationally, we use "localize" in place of "translate" (e.g. we don't "translate" games for other languages, we "localize" games for other languages).

The extra considerations that have to be kept in mind when translating a written word is one reason why we prefer the one term over the other. It also helps for describing subtle distinctions between alphabets within the same language. For example, the inverted meanings between the American "Z" and the British "Zed".

The term "Romanize" is often used to refer to putting text into the Roman alphabet.

Otherwise, "Convert" is often used to describe using one writing system to represent another. I.E. "The Hindi sentence was converted to the roman alphabet".

"Transcribe" is another word that might be a good fit for what you're looking for:

To convert a representation of language, typically speech but also sign language, etc., to another representation.

There is a term for converting दाल to dal, namely "transliteration". Etymologically that is not original English, but it is now, so it's not a translation, whereas फल transliterates as phal which translates as "fruit".