How do I plumb this kitchen sink to stop the leak and improve drainage

If you reconfigure so that the trap connects directly to the tailpiece you'll have all the height you need. In fact, you'll need a tailpiece extension (or new, longer tailpiece).

Clean up all the compression fittings and snug them up. If they're aligned as nature intended and haven't been damaged too much by being cockeyed, they'll hold water.

You could consider swapping everything for equivalent plastic parts. They, along with their nylon washers, may be easier to get to seal.

Honestly if you want to do this right you need to completely change your start and finish. The start I would highly suggest with installing a garbage disposal. Dishwasher into garbage disposal, go straight out pvc and into p trap (pvc), out to wall pvc, and then the appropriate connector into wall (example connector). There are also disposals made for sinks with less height - I don't think yours really meets that criteria though so you probably don't need to pay more.

With a decent garbage disposal you are looking at about $125ish and it is done right - whatever metal you have in the wall has very little chance of having long-term issues (given you have a disposal and use it properly).

try setting it up like this. you will have to trim the dishwasher feed tail pipe a bit (be sure to bring it up high like @DMoores pictures to keep the sink from draining into the dishwasher.