When was the first print usage of "Chop your own wood and it will warm you twice."

It appears Ford at least took inspiration for the quote from Walden by Henry David Thoreau.

In a 1916 edition of The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, the phrase hung over Ford's fireplace is attributed as a quote from Henry David Thoreau.

• St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1916 (paywall link)

The closest I can find to the original quote by Thoreau is this paraphrasing in Walden (1854):

Every man looks at his wood-pile with a kind of affection. I love to have mine before my window, and the more chips the better to remind me of my pleasing work. I had an old axe which nobody claimed, with which by spells in winter days, on the sunny side of the house, I played about the stumps which I had got out of my bean-field. As my driver prophesied when I was plowing, they warmed me twice—once while I was splitting them, and again when they were on the fire, so that no fuel could give out more heat.

The first print uses of the adage (variants) that I found appeared in Walden (1854, as reproduced in a prior answer), and in Thorn Cottage, a Poet's Home: A Memorial of Frederick Knight, Esq., of Rowley, Mass. (1855). In Walden, the phrasing suggests an origin in folk lore ("my driver prophesied"). Similarly, while the Thorn Cottage context imputes the saying to Frederick Knight, nothing in that context rules out an earlier origin in folk or biblical wisdom:

The following meditations and aphorisms, written by Mr. Knight at different periods, serve to illustrate the devotional character of his mind. [Page 74]

....

LABOR BLESSED

He that cuts his own wood is twice warmed, he that earns his own bread is twice blest. The labor procures and sweetens the food. Let him try every other method — send to the Indies for condiments, and he will fail. [Page 77]

The close coincidence of the loose paraphrase attributed to "my driver" in 1854 (Walden) and the more concise phrasing attributed to "Mr. Knight at different periods" in 1855 (Thorn Cottage) renders any conclusions as to the source of the original suspect.

It is noteworthy, however, that both these early print uses are from works produced by authors living in Massachusetts (Concord and Rowley).

In the popular press, the first print uses I found appeared in 1862 (US) and 1867 (UK). Their context again suggests a possible prior origin in 'received wisdom'. In the latter, UK instance, for example, the saying is ascribed to the grandfather of the speaker, while the source of the earlier US instance is a serialized fiction called Wash Wilbur the Frontier Hunter, by William H. Bushnell.

The Sun (New York, New York), 14 Feb 1862, Page 4 (paywalled).

South London Press, 24 August 1867, Page 5 (paywalled).

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Postscript, May 25

Further research revealed an earlier, 1808, publication of the proverb, in a form ascribing the double warming not to cutting the wood, but rather to gathering it and getting it home.

The earlier publication was in the December 10, 1808 edition of The Port Folio (see text midway down first column), a Philadelphia newspaper edited at that time by 'Oliver Oldschool, Esq.', a pseudonym of Joseph Dennie. The text was later (1819) edited and reprinted as Letters from Geneva and France.

Bartlett Whiting, Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases (1977) has this entry:

Wood warms a man twice

1819 Kinloch Letters 1.460: The proverb of the country is, that wood warms a man twice. Barbour 65: Firewood.

The Kinloch reference is to Letter LVI in Francis Kinloch, Letters from Geneva and France: Written During a Residence of Between Two and Three Years in Different Parts of Those Countries and Addressed to a Lady in Virginia (Boston: 1819). The context of the remark is a discussion of the firewood-gathering methods practiced by the peasants near Poligny in Jura, France:

The peasant who sets out for that purpose [to collect fuel] of a winter's morning from his house in the valley, begins by ascending some neighboring mountain, and having there made up the pieces he has cut into the form of a rude sledge, and secured them together properly on the brink of the declivity, he takes his station on the load, so that he can touch the ground at pleasure with his feet, and committing himself to a narrow, winding, slippery path, and frequently of beaten snow, and generally bordered from [place to place by precipices, he gets back to his family with almost aerial velocity. Others again, who live on the top of some naked hill, and who cannot find a declivity suitably gentle to admit of their using a sledge on the mountain where wood is to be obtained, are obliged to throw it down the precipice, at the bottom of which they afterwards collect and carry it home on their shoulders. The proverb of the country is, that wood warms a man twice.

Whether Thoreau was familiar with the expression from Kinloch's Letters or whether he formulated his version of the expression independently is unclear. Searches of nineteenth-century and earlier collections of English proverbs do not turn up anything very similar. But the notion that wood heats its gatherer twice has been in published English since at least 1819 (when Thoreau was two years old) and perhaps in proverbial use before that.

Whiting's reference to Barbour seems to be to Frances Barbour, Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases of Illinois (1965), but I don't have access to that book.