What's the term for business conducted over time, as opposed to in one meeting?

I think the word I'm looking for might be procedurally.

Business discussions in the United States can use the word table as a colloquial use of the phrase from parliamentary procedure, delaying action until an unspecified future meeting.

"May I suggest that we consider this question tabled, instead of right now"

May I suggest that we consider this question offline, instead of right now?

(2) Aside from its technical meaning, offline is used frequently in a more general sense to describe events that occur outside of a standard procedure.
For example, if somebody at a meeting says "let's continue this discussion offline," it means "let's discuss it informally at another time."
The term is alternatively spelled as off-line. - webopedia

Plenty of other similar definitions for offline on the Urban Dictionary site.

This usage is, I suppose, business jargon and though common these days, it’s not in some older dictionaries.

Consider progressively which means "in stages" which is also a good choice, by the way. Another option is "in phases".

"May I suggest that we consider this question progressively, instead of right now?"
"May I suggest that we consider this question in stages, instead of right now?"
"May I suggest that we consider this question in phases, instead of right now?"

ODO:

progressively ADVERB
1 Steadily; in stages.

‘successive governments progressively increased expenditure on welfare’

"May I suggest that we consider this question 'over the coming months/weeks', instead of right now?"

I changed your sentence structure a bit, but I think it's worth mentioning this way of phrasing it. I would suggest using to adjourn something, according to Dictionary.com that means (all three of these definitions fit):

"to defer or postpone to a later time"1

"to defer or postpone (a matter) to a future meeting of the same body."1

"to defer or postpone (a matter) to some future time, either specified or not specified."1

In your example that would look like this:

"May I suggest that we adjourn this question [...]?"

The dots may contain different things, depending on when you want to discuss it further, for example (all these ways of phrasing it can be found in similar style in this link to Oxford Learner's Dictionary under the extra examples section, I think the first fits best in your case):

to the next meeting(s) (indicating you want to talk about it in the next meeting(s))

indefinitely (if you don't want to set a date for discussing it)

for a week (could be any other time unit, you suggest discussing it then)

until April 15th (a specific date)

Or you could leave the dots empty, it would imply the second definition in my quote, postpone the issue to the next meeting of the same body 1

Attribution

1 "Adjourn." Dictionary.com. Accessed March 27, 2018. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/adjourn.

2 Adjourn Verb - Definition, Pictures, Pronunciation and Usage Notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. Accessed March 27, 2018. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/adjourn.

"May I suggest that we consider this question in the future, instead of right now"

or

"May I suggest that we defer this question for the future, instead of right now"