What is the name of such type of diagrams?

I would say this is a very simple form of a "Parsing diagram".

From Wikipedia:

"Parsing, syntax analysis, or syntactic analysis is the process of analyzing a string of symbols, either in natural language, computer languages or data structures, conforming to the rules of a formal grammar."

Your diagram shows an expression (an e-mail address), takes its parts, and shows how it conforms to the addressing rules.

Googling for "parsing diagram", both for All and for Images, will give you examples.