What is a negative way to describe a person who is overindulged with Earthly life?

One possible word not already given in comments is

debauched
ADJECTIVE

Indulging in or characterized by excessive indulgence in sex, alcohol, or drugs.
The result is a debased, debauched culture which finds moral depravity entertaining and virtue contemptible.

This word perhaps suits the value judgement inherent in the question.

Those who are debauched are so indulged in satisfying their whims and desires that they forget that death shall soon arrive, separating them from all they acquired and delivering them to a stage of reckoning and justice for all the injustice and cruelty they committed.

From Lexico.

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Merriam-Webster has a broader definition:

debauch
transitive verb
1a : to corrupt by intemperance or sensuality
1b : to lead away from virtue or excellence

My first thought was Hedonist. Oxford (linked on the word) gives the definition as “A person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life; a pleasure-seeker”, which doesn’t include the implications of ignoring or neglecting things beyond pleasure, but is nevertheless generally perceived as negative.

Those who are [word] are so indulged in satisfying their whims and desires that they forget that death shall soon arrive...

I think the word you're looking for is worldly.

Worldly (adj): relating to or consisting of physical things and ordinary life rather than spiritual things.

Worldly (adj): worldly is used to describe things relating to the ordinary activities of life, rather than to spiritual things.

Try sybarite (n) or sybaritic (adj).

sybarite n
1. A person devoted to pleasure and luxury; a voluptuary.
_{TFD Online}

The word comes from Sybaris, a city of ancient Greece, which, according to Wikipedia, "amassed great wealth thanks to its fertile land and busy port. Its inhabitants became famous among the Greeks for their hedonism, feasts, and excesses, to the extent that "sybarite" and "sybaritic" have become bywords for opulence, luxury and outrageous pleasure-seeking."

One option is: decadent.

One of Wiktionary's definitions is:

Luxuriously self-indulgent

which seems to cover the intended meaning well.

Here's one in its verb form, with a collection of synonyms from thesaurus.net.

sate (verb) gorge, glut, cloy, stuff, overfill, satiate, surfeit, satisfy, gratify.

It is, perhaps, a bit distorted from its etymological roots, as etymonline says that

sate (v.)

"to satisfy, surfeit," c. 1600, alteration (by influence of Latin satiare "satiate"

comes from a root that means simply "fill", without necessarily overfilling. However, it is a fine line. I know from experiences that the difference Is only one doughnut.

Here are a few corresponding adjectives: sated, gorged, glutted, surfeited.

That person would be said to be a Sardanapalus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardanapalus

How about "carnal"?

Carnal literally means "of the flesh" and has considerable emotional baggage associated with it. "Sybaritic" is more accurate, being broader in scope, but is less accessible to the unwashed masses. It is also less negative in connotation.

A second reading of the question suggests that the intended sense is that the subject has overdone it. Therefore, I propose "jaded". This is a bit mild; were I to deride someone I would probably say jaded sybarite wallowing in carnal decadence.

The Spartan and Sybarite
Battle in me day and night;
Evenly matched, relentless, wary,
Each one cursing his adversary,
    _{— Conflict, Sara Teasdale (with delighted thanks to Conrado)}

Temporal is the word that you seek because it delivers the meaning that you intend without having a familiar positive meaning attached to it, like the word worldly.

This word is also much more accurate than all the words that focus on pleasure because you do not need to be a hedonist in order to be temporal!

Think about it: You can be perfectly hardworking yet feverishly attached just to this world, its tangible, materialistic benefits and results. You can work so hard to accumulate as much money and gold as possible for this world, thus being temporal, without really having any significant amount of fun with that money.

In short, you can be a hardworking, stoic secularist; you can be temporal and allergic to pleasure, or temporal and hedonistic.

temporal (adj.)

• of or relating to time.
• pertaining to or concerned with the present life or this world; worldly: temporal joys.
• enduring for a time only; temporary; transitory (opposed to eternal).
• secular, lay, or civil, as opposed to ecclesiastical.