Types of Independent Clauses

Since an independent clause is a simple sentence, the answer you seek would basically be a list of possible subject structures combined with a list of possible predicate structures¹. These lists have not been commonly combined, but studied and categorized separately.

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¹Wikipedia does not include a link to Carlson's full 1977 paper. Here is one.

To say "independent clause" is to say "simple sentence". A single clause that stands by itself is a main clause, and that's all you need for simple sentencehood.

There are many different things one can do to a main clause,
but normally independent utterances are classified by pragmatic function:

• statements (declarative) He closed the door.
• questions (interrogative) Did he close the door?
• orders (imperative) Close the door.
• blessings (benedictive) May this house be safe from tigers
• curses (maledictive) May you spend eternity rollerskating on cobblestones

The names in parentheses are often called "moods" because Latin (and other ancient languages) had special verb forms for them and gave them these names. The technical term for them is "speech acts", and they're different in pragmatics -- use -- but not really in semantics -- meaning.

That is, there's no real semantic difference between the first three sentences; they refer to the same idea in the same words. The difference is in what the speaker expects the listener to do:
believe the statement, answer the question, or obey the order.

Another way of looking at this is as follows: 5 Arrangements of Basic Elements of Independent Clauses

1) Subject + Intransitive Action Verb

2) Subject + Transitive Action Verb + Direct Object

3) Subject + Transitive Action Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

4) Subject + Linking Verb (+ Possible ADV or ADV Phrase)

5) Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement

*** All could of course have extra phrases or other modifiers, but these are the basic parts