English Language & Usage Asked by Tom Hughes on August 6, 2021
I am used to seeing “leisurely” as an adjective exclusively, as in “walking at a leisurely pace.” But today I read it used as an adverb in a New York Times review of “Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Killer.” It seems archaic to me to use it so (emphasis added):
[The director’s] first American studio effort, “Wanted” (2008), is a
modestly diverting if finally tedious exercise in which the stylized
violence almost upstages its star, Angelina Jolie. “Wanted” is the
kind of contemporary studio fun that shows a bullet exiting a human
head in slow motion, giving you time to marvel at how the skin around
the wound stretches as the projectile leisurely rips through the
skull.
According to Wiktionary, leisurely is acceptable as an adverb.
[...]
Adverb
leisurely (comparative more leisurely, superlative most leisurely)
In a leisurely manner.
Oxford Dictionary of English has an entry of "leisurely" as adverb: "without hurry."
Answered by user19148 on August 6, 2021
My dictionary shows the word as both an adjective and an adverb:
leisurely
(adjective) acting or done at leisure; unhurried or relaxed : a leisurely breakfast at our hotel.
(adverb) without hurry : couples strolled leisurely along.
In your example, it makes sense to use the adverbial form. Why? An adjective would have to modify a noun. What noun would it modify? The writer is not talking about a leisurely projectile, a leisurely wound, leisurely skin, or a leisurely skull. The only thing leisurely in that sentence is the ripping action.
As for describing the formation of an exit wound as leisurely, I don't know if that sounds archaic. Instead, I see the pronounced irony as intentional, as a way to comment on the mood of the director's film.
Answered by J.R. on August 6, 2021
Regardless of what dictionaries says about others' usage, I cannot, in general, use any adjectives ending in ly as adverbs (whether with an extra ly or unadorned):
*You're explaining things love(li)ly / good(li)ly / friend(li)ly / ...
(cf, a lovely/goodly/friendly explanation)
Only the most high frequency adjectives in ly are vaguely acceptable as adverbs, yet they require a second ly:
You're running sillily / *silly
You're singing ?uglily / *ugly
Maybe different regions/ages can behave as the dictionaries describe.
Sequences of identical affixes are frequently banned crosslinguistically. An example in English is the genitive plural of prince, in which only a single [əz] is pronounced (princ[əz], not princ[əzəz]). When one affix fails to surface, the phenomenon is known as haplology. For leisurely-ly etc., haplology is not available in my dialect, and the result is ineffability. Maybe those dialects that allow adverbial leisurely permit haplology here.
Answered by Daniel Harbour on August 6, 2021
When these noun+ly adjectives like timely, leisurely, homely, slovenly, motherly, and others get used as adverbs, it's hard to hear that as anything but symptomatic of erosion of language skills.
It's just a linguistic reflex, albeit an instilled one, to hear any adjective+ly in an adverbial sense and any noun+ly in an adjectival sense.
She motherly put the children to bed? Not hardly. ;)
When an IRS publication says that filing timely can reduce the risk of penalties, we make unflattering assumptions about the person who wrote that. More generally, such usage generally manages to suggest underdeveloped discernment.
Yet some dictionaries bless "leisurely" and possibly others of its ilk for adverbial use. Who knows, maybe such usage can be traced far back in English history. It nonetheless grates on reflex and on insight into how these words relate to -lich -lig -lik cousins in Germanic and Scandinavian languages. It's really hard not to spontaneously feel that if "couples strolled leisurely in the park" is not symptomatic of modern erosion of meaning, then it must be evidence of historical erosion of meaning.
So while, out of respect for authority, I won't write traffic citations for misuse of "leisurely," I'll nonetheless stick to a structurally consistent usage myself.
Now if we could just figure out where to put "comely"...
Answered by AldenG on August 6, 2021
I like neither "leisurely" as an adverb, nor "leisurelily", if that were to exist. I replace this and other words that make me feel uncomfortable as adverbs in the same way with the adverbial phrase "in a leisurely manner" etc.
Answered by Catherine Lodge on August 6, 2021
Leisurely is still acceptable as an adverb.
This is opinion shared with top English scholars. One of the most reputable dictionaries, Chambers, lists leisurely as:
leisurely adj not hurried; relaxed. adverb without hurrying; taking plenty of time
Of course, English can be used however you see fit, being a language, it constantly evolves to reflect what is said.
Answered by Jack Jones on August 6, 2021
I suggest replacing the grating usage of “leisurely” as an adverb with the mellifluous and unimpeachably correct “unhurriedly.”
Answered by user420695 on August 6, 2021
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