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How did the meaning of "once more, anew" arise in "again"?

English Language & Usage Asked on May 6, 2021

Ayto doesn’t expound where the late 14c. meaning of ‘once more, anew’ sprang from? Is "once more, anew" related to "in a direct line with, facing" or "in the opposite direction, back"?

again [OE]

The underlying etymological sense
of again is ‘in a direct line with, facing’, hence
‘opposite’ and ‘in the opposite direction, back’
(its original meaning in Old English). It comes
from a probable Germanic *gagin ‘straight’,
which was the source of many compounds
formed with on or in in various Germanic
languages, such as Old Saxon angegin and Old
Norse íg gegn. The Old English form was
ongēan, which would have produced ayen in
modern English; however, Norse-influenced
forms with a hard g had spread over the whole
country from northern areas by the 16th century.
The meaning ‘once more, anew’ did not develop
until the late 14th century.
From Old English
times until the late 16th century a prefix-less
form gain was used in forming compounds. It
carried a range of meanings, from ‘against’ to ‘in
return’, but today survives only in gainsay.
      The notion of ‘opposition’ is carried through
in against, which was formed in the 12th century
from again and what was originally the genitive
suffix -es, as in always and nowadays. The
parasitic -t first appeared in the 14th century.

Word Origins (2005 2e) by John Ayto, p 11 Right column.

One Answer

Again was originally used as both a preposition and an adjective

OED:

A. adv. I. Expressing reversal or reciprocation. 1.†a. In the opposite direction; back. Obsolete.

OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 137 He sceaf þa mid ðam scylde, þæt se sceaft tobærst, and þæt spere sprengde, þæt hit sprang ongean. – [(so) that it sprang back]

Thus indicating a repetition or a return to a former state, thus anew; as before.

B. prep. Now regional and nonstandard, esp. in forms agen, agin, agin', etc. In Old English with accusative or dative.

I. Expressing position or motion towards or facing something.

1. a. In a direction contrary to or facing; towards, in the direction of, forward to, so as to meet; = against prep. 1b.

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 893 Þa hie gefengon micle herehyð & þa woldon ferian norþweardes ofer Temese in on Eastseaxe ongean þa scipu. [Against, i.e. opposite to, the ships]

1996 S. Moylan Lang. Kilkenny i. 15 I seen this thing comin' again me in the hollow o' the road.

The word “against” has the same origins as again but around the 14th century, they separated, with against being the preposition and again being the adverb, with their respective meanings.

Answered by Greybeard on May 6, 2021

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