How to avoid input floating ports on a microcontroller?

Since your GPIO pin has extremely high impedance, you need a pull-up or pull-down (as most people have said). I am working with a TI microcontroller right now, so I quickly wrote code for a quick test. I also didn't make any assumptions on the resistance of water, I used my tap water in a tiny cup for a test. It works with a 100k, so a 1M would provide good margin (for my water).

Your water may vary. The resistance of water is dependent on the impurities, really pure water has a very high resistance.

Finally, if your water container is really large and the water may already be grounded, you should use a pull-up resistor, not a pull-down.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

There are 5 "sensors" that feed into the input ports. Each sensor is connected with 2 wires; one wire goes into the pin, and the other into VCC, then both are inserted into the container with both ends exposed. When the water level goes up, it touches both ends and completes the circuit and setting the input to 1.

ok, there is some challenges here, first we have a simple sensor that completes an electrical circuit for a water level sensor. I see this part of the circuit is going to be weak for switching cleanly the micro-controller.

I would normally solve it by low power Schottkey inverters (74ls04) in series to clean up the signal going in. But since you need to trigger on a voltage, instead of completing a ground, then a nor gate (74ls02) circuit like the one below would work if you just use the "B" input for the sensor, nothing connected to "A" but the resistor to ground.

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/io-io81.gif

You could try high gain transistors, trasistor arrays (uln2003) or even a darlington comparator (that you can include a threshold adjustment)

1. Check register port settings (check-> APB,GPIO PCLK...)
2. You should use s pull-down about (4.7k ~ 10K) on Data Pin-->|GND--(10k)--SensorPin|
3. Try output sensor state with a multimeter (without microcontroller)

4. If your problems are not resolved, then post your schematic, sensor, microcontroller part number, source code

5. Also, you could use an ADC

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

You still need a pull-up or pull-down resistor as appropriate. If the sensor connects between Vcc and the input pin, and if the sensor is open-circuit when off, then it would be a pull-down resistor. If the sensor connects between ground and the input pin, you need a pull-up resistor.

The resistor needs to be chosen so that it has a substantially higher resistance than the sensor.