Computer Science Asked by KaliTheGreat on November 30, 2020
Let $G=(V,E)$ be an undirected graph. Given a pair of vertices $s,t in V$, how can we construct a semi-streaming algorithm which determines is $s$ and $t$ are connected? Is there any way to construct such an algorithm which scans the input stream only once?
Note that a semi-streaming algorithm is presented an arbitrary order of the edges of $G$ as a stream, and the algorithm can only access this input sequentially in the order it is given; it might process the input stream several times. The algorithm has a working memory consisting of $O(nlog^{O(1)}n)$ bits.
You cannot do it in a single pass. Consider the set of all graphs of the following form: the vertices are ${s,t} cup A cup B$, where $|A|=|B|=n/2-1$. The only allowed edges are between $s$ and $A$, between $A$ and $B$, and between $B$ and $t$.
Suppose that the algorithm is first presented with the $(A,B)$ edges, and then with the $(s,A),(B,t)$ edges. After reading the $(A,B)$ edges, it must "remember" all of them, since there could be only one $(s,A)$ edge and only one $(B,t)$ edge, in which case the answer depends on whether the corresponding vertices in $A$ and $B$ are connected. Since there are $2^{(n/2-1)^2}$ choices for the $(A,B)$ edges, the algorithm must have a memory of at least $(n/2-1)^2$ bits (since after reading the $(A,B)$ edges, it could be in any of $2^{(n/2-1)^2}$ possible states).
Answered by Yuval Filmus on November 30, 2020
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