You said that the setblock command emits particles when replacing a door. The fill command can also replace blocks. The fill command doubly can replace whole doors and other blocks that uses multiple tiles as particles should emit from this blocks. What you are doing is replacing the base of the door with air, then in the next tick the game finds that the base is gone so it removes the top, by adding particles and sounds.

How to use the fill command instead

Your command should be the following.

/fill <start cords> <finish cords> <block>

If you want to fill one block just use the same cords for the start and stop. To replace doors make sure to have the start cords at the base and the stop at the top of the door.