Properties of Mob teleportation and ways to mitigate them?

It depends. It is possible to build a cage out of corner blocks if you fulfill the requirements outlined below:

From the wiki:

Each (teleportation) attempt chooses a random destination 32 blocks along each axis (i.e. a 64×64×64 cuboid centered on the current position). It then seeks downward, regardless of distance, from the chosen destination until the block below is made of a movement-blocking material.

The teleportation attempt succeeds if no liquid or solid blocks prevent them from standing at the destination. Thus, endermen need at least three non-solid blocks above the destination to successfully teleport, with a few exceptions, such as a carpet that is not above a block made of a movement-blocking material, lily pads, and snow layers stacked 10 blocks deep or more, as their materials are not flagged as blocking movement even though the blocks themselves do so.

Additionally, Endermen do not teleport to waterlogged blocks. Endermen do not teleport in the daytime if on soul sand unless they are damaged.

Simply encapsulating an Endermen in corner blocks will not necessarily prevent teleportation.

EDIT: See this old answer for more information. While it's about Java edition, it applies to Bedrock as well.