Tikz: positioning of circular framed photo in top right corner of CV, with control over the frame thickness and color, and x/y position

Though an excellent answer has been provided I was not satisfied since as a queried by the OP shift has not been used

First off the image path now has been defined as a node at the center of the bounding box by

path picture={%
             node at (path picture bounding box.center){%
                            includegraphics[width=2.4cm]{example-image}}}

This ensures that the image stays at center of the circle else it will default to one corner of the circle with only a corner of the image at the center of the circle

Second the options available are now shown after the first node is initialised

circle,
draw,%<----------since we are speaking in terms of node we need to execute draw
red,%<-----------color of the circle perimeter
line width=2pt,%<---------thickness of the circle border/perimeter 
fill=yellow,%<---------self-explanatory
minimum size=3cm,%<---represents the outer circle size/dia
text=white,%<--------------not used but in case something is to be written in or 
                           %around the node

Third the node has been aligned at current page.center and then shifted with the help of the xshift and yshift denoted by (x,y) which is added/subtracted to the center of the page

($(current page.center)+(3cm,0cm)$)

The node can be shifted anywhere with reference to the center of the page also and not compulsorily use current page.north east although that can also be done by simply changing

begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
node at ($(current page.north east)+(-3cm,-3cm)$)[%
             circle,
             draw,
             red,
             line width=2pt,
             fill=yellow,
             minimum size=3cm,
             text=white,
path picture={%
             node at (path picture bounding box.center){%
                        includegraphics[width=2.4cm]{example-image}
              };
           }]{};
end{tikzpicture}

Fourth scaling can be use for the inner image rather than width or height-- with scaling the aspect ratio is maintained however choice is yours

node at (path picture bounding box.center){
        includegraphics[scale=0.1]{example-image}

MWE with current page.center

documentclass{article}
usepackage{tikz}

usetikzlibrary{calc,positioning}

begin{document}

begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
node at ($(current page.center)+(-3cm,0cm)$)[circle,draw,red,line 
 width=2pt,fill=yellow,minimum size=3cm,
text=white,
path picture={
    node at (path picture bounding box.center){
        includegraphics[width=2.4cm]{example-image}
    };
}]{};

node at ($(current page.center)+(0cm,0cm)$)[circle,draw,red,line 
 width=2pt,fill=yellow,minimum size=2.4cm,
text=white,
path picture={
    node at (path picture bounding box.center){
        includegraphics[scale=0.1]{example-image}
    };
}]{};

node at ($(current page.center)+(3cm,0cm)$)[circle,draw,red,line 
 width=2pt,fill=yellow,minimum size=3cm,
text=white,
path picture={
    node at (path picture bounding box.center){
        includegraphics[height=1cm]{example-image}
    };
}]{};

end{tikzpicture}
end{document}