Tikz picture position

Add the following line in the code

tikz[baseline={([yshift=-1.2cm]current bounding box.west)}]{}

documentclass[twocolumn,10pt]{article}
    usepackage{pgf,tikz,pgfplots}
    pgfplotsset{compat=1.15}
    usepackage{mathrsfs}
    usetikzlibrary{arrows}
    pagestyle{empty}
    
    begin{document}
    definecolor{wrwrwr}{rgb}{0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451}
    definecolor{rvwvcq}{rgb}{0.08235294117647059,0.396078431372549,0.7529411764705882}
    textbf{1)}tikz[baseline={([yshift=-1.2cm]current bounding box.west)}]{
    begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8, line cap=round,line join=round,>=triangle 45,x=1.0cm,y=1.0cm]
    clip(-5.003269918455611,-3.3529348860915125) rectangle (10.415703512539228,5.13457342454785);
    fill[line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq,fill=rvwvcq,fill opacity=0.10000000149011612] (-1.16,2.85) -- (-3.82,-1.57) -- (3.56,-1.55) -- cycle;
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-3.82,-1.57);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (3.56,-1.55);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55)-- (-1.16,2.85);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476);
    end{tikzpicture}}
    end{document}

EDIT - To cater for the change in handrawn sketch and comments of OP

To use xshift you need to use the overlay option -- add the following line in your code just after begin{tikzpicture} options

remember picture, 
overlay, 
baseline={(current bounding box.base)}, 
yshift=-2cm, 
xshift=4cm,

The output--

MWE

documentclass[twocolumn,10pt]{article}
    usepackage{pgf,tikz,pgfplots}
    pgfplotsset{compat=1.15}
    usepackage{mathrsfs}
    usetikzlibrary{arrows, positioning, calc}
    pagestyle{empty}
    
    
    
    
    begin{document}
    definecolor{wrwrwr}{rgb}{0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451}
    definecolor{rvwvcq}{rgb}{0.08235294117647059,0.396078431372549,0.7529411764705882}
    textbf{1)}{
    begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, 
                        overlay, 
                        baseline={(current bounding box.base)}, 
                        yshift=-2cm, 
                        xshift=4cm, 
                        scale=0.8, 
                        line cap=round,
                        line join=round,
                        >=triangle 45,
                        x=1.0cm,
                        y=1.0cm,]
    clip(-5.003269918455611,-3.3529348860915125) rectangle (10.415703512539228,5.13457342454785);
    fill[line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq,fill=rvwvcq,fill opacity=0.10000000149011612] (-1.16,2.85) -- (-3.82,-1.57) -- (3.56,-1.55) -- cycle;
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-3.82,-1.57);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (3.56,-1.55);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55)-- (-1.16,2.85);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476);
    begin{scriptsize}
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476) circle (2.5pt);
    end{scriptsize}
    end{tikzpicture}}
    end{document}

Though @TorbjørnT. has correctly brought out the clip factor, however when I ran the code I was not able to find any error-- you can experiment with and without the clip code to see what suits you

The real problem here is that the bounding box of your diagram is too large. Add

draw (current bounding box.south east) rectangle (current bounding box.north west);

right before end{tikzpicture} to draw a frame along the bounding box, and you'll see this:

This is caused by the clip, so remove that line, and you get this:

If you want it a little bit higher, as in your image, remove the newline and add

baseline={([yshift=-baselineskip]current bounding box.north)}

to the options of the tikzpicture. There is no need for the additional tikz.

Finally though, are you making a list? If so, I'd recommend using a list environment, you can use the features of the enumitem package to customize the look of the list, as in this example:

documentclass[twocolumn,10pt]{article}
usepackage{enumitem} % added
usepackage{tikz}
usepackage{mathrsfs}
usetikzlibrary{arrows}
pagestyle{empty}

begin{document}
definecolor{wrwrwr}{rgb}{0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451}
definecolor{rvwvcq}{rgb}{0.08235294117647059,0.396078431372549,0.7529411764705882}
begin{enumerate}[label=textbf{arabic*)}]
item begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8, line cap=round,line join=round,>=triangle 45,x=1.0cm,y=1.0cm, baseline=(current bounding box.south), baseline={([yshift=-baselineskip]current bounding box.north)}]
%  clip(-5.003269918455611,-3.3529348860915125) rectangle (10.415703512539228,5.13457342454785); %% remove this line
fill[line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq,fill=rvwvcq,fill opacity=0.10000000149011612] (-1.16,2.85) -- (-3.82,-1.57) -- (3.56,-1.55) -- cycle;
draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-3.82,-1.57);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (3.56,-1.55);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55)-- (-1.16,2.85);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556);
draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476);
begin{scriptsize}
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556) circle (2.5pt);
draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476) circle (2.5pt);
end{scriptsize}

%draw (current bounding box.south east) rectangle (current bounding box.north west); % to indicate the bounding box of the diagram
end{tikzpicture}
end{enumerate}
end{document}

The clip operation widens the bounding box of the image, by removing it, it just frames the triangle.

The 1) is written before the image code, I position it with the node operation.

node[below right] at (current bounding box.north west) {{1)}};

documentclass[twocolumn,10pt]{article}
    usepackage{pgf,tikz,pgfplots}
    pgfplotsset{compat=1.15}
    usepackage{mathrsfs}
    usetikzlibrary{arrows}
    pagestyle{empty}
    
    
    
    
    begin{document}
    definecolor{wrwrwr}{rgb}{0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451,0.3803921568627451}
    definecolor{rvwvcq}{rgb}{0.08235294117647059,0.396078431372549,0.7529411764705882}
%    textbf{1)}newline
    begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8, line cap=round,line join=round,>=triangle 45,x=1.0cm,y=1.0cm]
%    clip(-5.003269918455611,-3.3529348860915125) rectangle (10.415703512539228,5.13457342454785);
    fill[line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq,fill=rvwvcq,fill opacity=0.10000000149011612] (-1.16,2.85) -- (-3.82,-1.57) -- (3.56,-1.55) -- cycle;
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-3.82,-1.57);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (3.56,-1.55);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55)-- (-1.16,2.85);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-1.16,2.85)-- (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556);
    draw [line width=2.pt,color=wrwrwr] (-3.82,-1.57)-- (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476);
    begin{scriptsize}
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-1.16,2.85) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-3.82,-1.57) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (3.56,-1.55) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-2.7200080786122416,-1.56701899208296) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (-0.9600210043918271,-1.562249379415696) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.1000722668585952,-1.5566664708215214) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (2.4001169195517105,-1.5531433145811606) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (0.2994927758991701,1.4894558868736556) circle (2.5pt);
    draw [fill=rvwvcq] (1.60355056870581,0.27380879188441476) circle (2.5pt);
    end{scriptsize}

    node[below right] at (current bounding box.north west) {{1)}};
    end{tikzpicture}
    end{document}